A statement of purpose(objective) to study a PHD in Space Science Personal

An of purpose(objective) to contemplate a PHD in Space Science - Personal Statement Example At present, genuine examination is being attempted in research centers built in Space! Space Science has been of incredible advantage to mankind. Generally significant, are counterfeit satellites which have extraordinarily upgraded data and correspondence innovation (ICT). For sure, satellite innovation has supported web network and correspondence all inclusive. Every one of these increases can without much of a stretch supersede the unfriendly impacts of room science. One genuine negative impact is orbital garbage in space (Leushacke and Mehrholz 1). It contains space garbage saved by man and incorporates old satellites and impact and blast parts. I plan to complete effect evaluation on this orbital garbage. There is have to plainly recognize the dangers presented by space garbage. Also, systems ought to be detailed to forestall further harm. Actually, broad exploration should be done on approaches to recover the garbage into valuable issue. I might want to complete my examination in a space research center in a joint effort with NASA. This would be the most proper site to do my investigation on space garbage. Ideally, my PhD study will make more understanding on intends to moderate this issue. This will frame a decent establishment for my profession as a space research

Introduction to information systems - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine about the Introduction to data frameworks. Answer: A CD or a Compact Disk is a mechanism of putting away information in an advanced optical circle. At first, these were made for putting away and playing the sound chronicles; in any case, they later on changed into information stockpiling medium (Peek, et al 2008). Another method of information store is a memory card or a blaze card, which is otherwise called memory cartridge. It is electronic glimmer memory information stockpiling conclude which is utilized to store advanced data (GEM, 2018). This conversation is engaged contrasting the two methods of information stockpiling. The correlation of blaze memory to CDs requires the assessment of their uses, their pries and the extra room offered by them. In light of the requirements of an individual, both of these modes give various preferences and weaknesses. The glimmer drives have a higher stockpiling limit in contrast with the CDs. This is on the grounds that the blaze drives comes in various capacity limits like 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 256 and significantly higher GB of capacity. In contrast with this, the CDs just offer information stockpiling in the scope of 700 to 800 MB, which is route not exactly the information limit gave by streak drives (Thompson, 2018). With regards to the valuing of the two items, the CDs are really more affordable as they are effectively accessible in various packs like 3 and even up to 100 for every megabyte. Notwithstanding, the blaze drivers are higher in costs but they offer some incentive for cash as they give a higher information stockpiling in a solitary unit, at the cost paid. With regards to the reuse estimation of these two, the blaze drive memory offers its greatest bit of leeway. This is on the grounds that the blaze drive memory cards permit the people to include, change and delete the information which is put away in the glimmer drive memory card continuously again and again. In any case, most of clear CDs permit the information to be put away on them by copying the plate and that to for a solitary time. If there should arise an occurrence of CD-RWs, these too have a limit of 3-4 uses before they begin introducing quality issues (Thompson, 2018). In arrangement of looking at between the two, there is a need to specify that in the middle of CDs and glimmer drive memory cards, it is simpler to convey a blaze drive memory card as it isn't inclined to breakage or scratches, just like a shared characteristic in CDs, which render them pointless. This additionally represents an issue where the information put away on the CDs is lost because of the CD being crushed or broken. With regards to conveying of the blaze drive memory cards, it tends to be basically kept in the pocket of the garments or sacks of an individual (Shelly and Vermaat, 2008). Be that as it may, it is imperative to deal with the CDs in a legitimate way so they are not chipped or broken. This adds to the weakness of CDs, which has prompted them getting out of date in the computerized age. As such, the advanced age has brought about the glimmer drive memory cards getting increasingly popular and the decision of the people; and CDs are not utilized as much as they wer e utilized around a couple of years back. This is particularly because of the rehashed utilizes offered by the blaze drive memory cards in contrast with the single or numbered employments of the CDs. Basically the improvement in innovation has supported the blaze drive memory cards more in contrast with the CDs, offering restricted utilizations and less stockpiling. A hearty presentation is offered by the glimmer drive memory cards, which ends up being not, at this point valid in the present advanced age (Rainer, et al 2013). The historical backdrop of the two items is likewise very extraordinary, similar to their current standing. The absolute first sort of blaze drive memory cards was PC Cards which came out, however were dominatingly utilized for the mechanical purposes and for associating the I/O gadgets like modems. Since the time of 1994, there have been a scope of memory card groups which came out and which were littler in contrast with the underlying PC Cards. This incorporated the CompactFlash, trailed by the SmartMedia, and afterward the Miniature Card. The requirement for the littler cards in the reduced advanced cameras, and phones brought about the past general of the smaller cards which looked too huge. With the progression of time, there has been an adjustment in these cards, and they decreased and increasingly productive in contrast with the prior variations (Shelly and Vermaat, 2008). The CDs were at first evolved by Sony and Phillips and had been discharged in 1982. At the point when the innovation was simply getting presented during that time, the CDs could store far more information in contrast with the PC hard drive, as it could normally hold around 10 MB. This is the motivation behind why the market of CDs blasted during the 2000s and each one utilized it as a method of putting away information (Phillips, 2013). In any case, when it developed high, its piece of the overall industry plunged, inferable from the various types of computerized stockpiling and circulation giving better highlights in contrast with the CDs. Cds was esteemed as the purpose behind the destruction of floppy circles and the happening to streak drive memory cards did likewise to CDs. In this manner, from the conversation carried on in the past sections, it tends to be reasoned that the two types of compact information stockpiling gadgets, i.e., streak drive memory cards and CDs are very comparative sources as far as making accessible the information being put away on outside gadgets and to be taken to any piece of the world. In any case, with regards to the predominance between the two, streak drive memory cards overwhelm the CDs because of the quantity of highlights which settle on the previous a superior decision for putting away the information. References Diamond. (2018) sandisk 16gb memory card. [Online] GEM. Accessible from: https://gem.gov.in/truck/cart_global/describe_items/837119 [Accessed on: 13/01/18] Look, J. B. H., Bergmans, J., Van Haaren, J. A. M. M., Toolenaar, F., and Stan, S. G. (2008)Origins and replacements of the minimized plate: commitments of Philips to optical storage(Vol. 11). New York: Springer Science Business Media. Phillips, S. L. (2013)Beyond Sound: The College and Career Guide in Music Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rainer, R. K., Cegielski, C. G., Splettstoesser-Hogeterp, I., and Sanchez-Rodriguez, C. (2013)Introduction to data frameworks. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Shelly, G., and Vermaat, M. (2008)Discovering PCs 2009: basic. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Thompson, G. (2018) How to Compare Flash Drive Memory to a CD. [Online] It Still Works. Accessible from: https://itstillworks.com/analyze streak drive-memory-disc 7471068.html [Accessed on: 13/01/18]

How to Choose Topics for Technology Essay Writing

How to Choose Topics for Technology Essay WritingThere are lots of different topics for technology essay writing. The essay topic is determined by the type of technology that you are working with and your objectives for the essay. For example, if you are in high school or college, there are general rules that apply to essay topics. If you are not in college, there are specific rules that apply to your topics.General essay topics are more general and will often cover the basics of technology. If you are using the technology for a class assignment, you should choose a topic that is easy to explain and easy to research. You can also choose topics that are related to your class assignments.If you choose a more specific class assignment, you should choose topics that pertain to the assignment that you are assigned. The best way to choose these topics is to use your imagination. You can also use an online writing service for research to see what topics people would likely write about for t heir assignments.This will help you prepare your essay for submission. You should include an introduction that explains what the topic is and what it will be about. It is important to get this part right to make sure that the reader understands the topic and is interested in reading the rest of the essay.Another section to include is a brief description of the topic. It is important to highlight the main concepts so that the reader will read it and get more of the idea of what the topic is about. It is also important to include any resources that you used to research the topic.If you are doing this for a college paper, include the history of the technology in the paper. This includes what happened in the past and how the topic is relevant today. There are three main ways that technology essays are written.First, you can write the essay in response to another essay, but this will take more time and it is more difficult to follow along with. Instead, you can write an essay that is com pletely original and include everything that you know about the topic.Second, you can write an essay that is loosely based on an essay that has already been submitted. This takes less time and involves a lot of your own research. Finally, you can choose to write an essay that has been written previously, but that is very detailed and unique.

Strong, Influential Women Like Elizabeth Cady Stanton And...

Strong, influential women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony—women who changed the face of American politics for women—are the embodiment of feminism at its finest. They, along with many other men and women, fought for equality between men and women. However, to many people feminism is representative of man-hating, excuse-making, manly women who play the victim to gain advantage over men. This negative image of feminism prevents both men and women from fulfilling their potential, but if people removed that barrier and accomplished feminism’s objective then men and women would be empowered to rise above gender stereotypes and accomplish more good in the world. According to the New York Times, eighty-two percent of Americans don’t identify as feminists, though eighty-five percent of those polled said that women and men should be treated equally, which is the basis of feminism (The New York Times). This schism happens in part because much of the media highlights radical feminists, or â€Å"feminazis† as some refer to them, and they become the face of feminism. Stories focused on extremists such as Valerie Solanas, who created a manifesto for a hypothetical feminist society, â€Å"Society for Cutting Up Men,† garner more attention and excitement than moderate, rational approaches. In her â€Å"SCUM Manifesto,† Solanas said, â€Å"The male†¦.is trapped in a twilight zone halfway between humans and apes, and is far worse off than the apes†¦.To call a man an animal is to flatterShow MoreRelatedWomen s Suffrage By Matilda Joslyn Gage1433 Words   |  6 Pagesradical idea of allowing woman the vote. In an effort to push support for woman’s suffrage in the 1880s, the National Woman’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) decided that they needed to portray themselves and their supporters as respectable and honorable women. Matilda Joslyn Gage was one of several woman whose contributions were downplayed by the history books and by woman’s rights advocates for this very reason. Her radicalism even later separated her from the organization that she helped build. In anRead MoreFeminism : The Face Of American Politics983 Words   |  4 Pagessome it brings to mind images of strong, influential women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony—women who changed the face of American politics for women. To some it is just another word, but to far too many, feminism is a hated word and therefore a hated cause. It stands for man-hating, excuse-making, manly women who play the victim to gain advantage over men. This negative image of a movement intended to fight for equality prevents both men and women from receiving the benefits movingRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagessituation that occurs is that women were never given the opportunity to voice their opinion on what kind of job that they should do. In addition, voting at this point of time for women was quite impractical. The wartime was a difficult time for women who wanted to capitalize on an opportunity. They wanted a job to prove to men that they are much stronger. However, there was hope when the U.S. woman’s rights movement began. A woman by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the movement at SenecaRead MoreSusan B. Anthony, A Leader Of The Women s Rights Movement1589 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Today, if women are asked about how they gained their full rights including the right to vote, most would recognize Susan B. Anthony, a leader of the women’s rights movement that never gave up. Born and raised in an outspoken Quaker household, Anthony believed from a young age that all should be treated equally despite their gender. She took after her father, who had radical views on issues such as temperance and slavery. Susan B. Anthony, a leader for most of her life, fought endlesslyRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : America s First Feminist1222 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabeth Cady Stanton: America’s First Feminist Feminism. The word, depending on the person, could leave a sweet or sour taste. It means, simply, â€Å"The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†(oxforddictionaries.com). But the connotation varies, from the aggressive to the convincing. When the eight-letter word pops into someone s brain, they might picture powerful modern and inspiring figures, like Malala Yousafzai, the youngest person, maleRead MoreEquality in America3947 Words   |  16 PagesWOMEN In the middle to late 1800s, diversity swept across the United States of America. What is diversity? Diversity implies a wide variety in gender, race, culture, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics of certain groups (Diversity, 2006). Diversity is present in every possible aspect of life. It does not matter where one goes or what one does in America, no two people look or act exactly the same. America has been and still is known as a nation of freedom and diversity. Today, AmericaRead MoreWomen s Suffrage Of Women1783 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough there are more women than men in the U.S.A, they have been subjected to many of the same inequalities as minority groups. They have fought to overcome social, economic and political barriers. In the early 1800’s women were considered second class citizens. They were expected to care for the home and family. Women were not encouraged to obtain a formal education nor purse a career. They could not own property after they were married and were prohibited from voting. Women realized that they wereRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1269 Words   |  6 Pagesfull access to resources. On the rights spectrum, women have severely suffered because dating back before The Women’s Rights Movement, women were left with the burden of the responsibility of raising children and domestic duties. The idea of equality is critically rooted by rights, support, and opportunities therefore allowing any person to gain access to resources, however for some odd reason women were left behind. Our country hides the strong women who have fought so hard to gain equality beforeRead MoreEssay on The Womens Rights Movement1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe Womens Rights Movement was a significant crusade for women that began in the late nineteenth century and flourished throughout Europe and the United States for the rest of the twentieth century. Advocates for womens rights initiated this movement as they yearned for equality and equal participation and representation in society. Throughout all of history, the jobs of women ranged from housewives to factory workers, yet oppression by society, particularly men, accompanied them in their everydayRead MoreProgression: From Bigotry to Equality1070 Words   |  5 Pages Over the span of many centuries, women have been undermined and ridiculed by the reality of a bitter society. A female’s sex generally predetermined the uneventful course she would be expected to take throughout her life. Promising opportunities were rare and for ages, ladies were confined to the home with little more than a puppet role to play. Common household chores were a part of the daily agenda, and unfailing devotion to a husband was anticipated ( Cruea). The initiative push by The National

Television And Its Impact On Our Lives - 1818 Words

Introduction As any devices we use in our everyday life, television is a part that can provide many several opportunities to identify the concept of the world and how it goes as we are not being in everywhere around the world of course. The TV is a portal that teleports you to another dimension which may let you explore and see the variety of people’s ideas, beliefs, values and other significant things that some people believe in. Television can be defined as an extremely efficient style of interacting which has an ability to show kids to various experiences and thoughts that could be conceivable (Hancox, Milne Poulton, 2005). Television introduces many programs that children could be part of them like cartoons, movies series,†¦show more content†¦TV show can exchange the precious time that kids use for doing homework and reading the lessons that the school provides to feed their brains with the necessary knowledge to a time that children waste by watching cartoons and non-educat ional movie and other TV displays. According to Hancox, Milne and Poulton (2005), the time which the children waste watching those shows may change many educational activities like homework, reading or inventive games. Like the wisdom says† early start, grow smart†, Tv prevents children from keeping all the worthy information. Learning from educational institutions can be beneficial for young people and parents want the compatible approach for their children to earn knowledge so they can face the life after growing equipped the weapons that erase the ignorance from their dictionary. In 2005,Just like Hancox, Milne, Poulton said † higher IQ and socioeconomic status were associated with better educational outcomes†, the child’s brain is like a machine that needs the appropriate fuel to work and produce high quality of concepts and beliefs which can introduce the perspective of life whether in good or bad way and it depends on the fuel that the TV and pa rents provide for children. In other words, Tv can affect the understanding of concepts and if it is positive or negative for the age of the person, and the Acceptance of the method. Therefore, the child’s intelligence can be impacted depending on what the child is watching and whether isShow MoreRelatedTelevision And Its Impact On Society922 Words   |  4 Pagesmore pressing matters. Our society has been greatly influenced by the presence of television and how we see ourselves, it has also informed us of what the â€Å"norms of society† really are. Television has given us information on pop culture and many of today’s famous TV shows and celebrities. The impacts of television, and whether it is positive or negative have been debated for years, and it has still not come to a conclusive answer. Although many think that television has no impact on an individual, orRead MoreThe Truman Show By Peter Weir Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesto the interests of more pow erful people. If we want to live an authentic life and be free, we should put distance between ourselves and the comfort that is our media filled culture. We have to leave the safety that is the media’s grasp and be willing to live in the world the way it actually is. In the 1990’s, television culture in particular was in full swing. Television is such a powerful tool as it has the potential to heavily influence our mindsets on topics. The Truman Show showed us an exaggeratedRead MoreThe Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Reality TV on the Teenagers in Mumbai Nimish Satpute St. Andrews College Instructors : Prof. Meenakshi Kamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality televisionRead MoreThe Effects Of Modern Media On Us1046 Words   |  5 PagesEverything in our society impacts us in one way or another; these influences can either be positive or negative. For example, when we see something good happen to others around us we tend to be in a happier mood and when something tragic happens to our country, such as what happened in 9/11, we can’t help but mourn. We never notice how the small things in life could influence us in big ways. We never would notice that things like modern media, such as television, ads, and the internet would impact us inRead MoreThe History of Television Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of television and its influence on people lives. How did television revolutionize the world? TV, more commonly known as ‘television’ is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. In ancient Greek tà ¨le means ‘far, and in Latin visio means sight. From my perspective and many people of the world television has changed the way we live. Television has brought many amazing things, however nothing is perfect. Television sets were commercially available since the late 1920s but in veryRead MoreOrganizational Structure For A Television Station1266 Words   |  6 PagesHaving organizational structure for a television station can make your either easier, stress free, or both and can be helpful in the long run. For major networks like Fox, ABC, NBC, and CBS there has to be some sort of structure going on that keeps yours favorite channels up and running. Some roles that help keep the structure of television station would be the general manager, engineering, production manager, news director, and your sales manager. General Manager is the main person in charge alsoRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of The Media1364 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing for communication. The abundance of technology such as cell phones, tablets, computers, and television has made the world much more connected than ever. Consequently, more and more Americans are becoming dependent on such devices that make daily tasks easier. Through these connections, the media is able to implement itself into everyday lives, and although these advancements improve peoples lives, there are aspects that are negative. The media tends to be enjoyed for the benefits it offers withRead MoreEssay about Television as We Know it Today1035 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision as We Know it Today The Power Rangers, RoadRunner, Bugs Bunny and Yo Sammity Sam. What do all of these have in common? They are all shows upon which we build our child’s playtime. You sit your child in front of the television for hours at a time. They stair at the screen with glossy eyes and total amazement. Yet what is it that they are learning from these shows? It is the hidden message of violence and dysfunction, which keeps children entertained. If you look at all of the showsRead MoreThe Media s Role Into The Lives Of Our American Youth1405 Words   |  6 Pageswe as a society live and interact with each other on a daily basis. According to oxford dictionaries media is defined as the main means of mass communication (especially television, radio newspapers and the internet). A facet of social media that people all over the world see is television. To get the latest news whether its political, local or even social, millions of people tune into their televisions everyday. I’m intereste d to know â€Å"what is the media’s role into the lives of our American youthRead MoreMean World1027 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Mean World Syndrome† Everyone is influenced and shaped by society. Society affects our perceptions, our consciousness, and our actions. A majority of the influence, especially on the younger demographic comes through the media; specifically through television. It is important to examine how violence in the media develops a pervasive cultural environment that cultivates a heightened state of insecurity, exaggerated perceptions of risk and danger, and a fear-driven propensity for hard-line political

Is Outsourcing A Refugee Crisis - 1544 Words

It was instructed to compare and contrast two of the authors from BF190 discussed throughout this course to a media object provided by the professor. The authors I chose to focus on are Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. From the readings â€Å"Leviathan† by Thomas Hobbes (CITE) and â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† by Jean Jacques Rousseau (CITE), both authors have similar but yet very different viewpoints on ideas they have made. The ideas I will be comparing and contrasting between these two philosophers are their different beliefs and understandings on the state of nature and the social contract. The media objective I have chosen to focus on is Outsourcing a Refugee Crisis: U.S. Paid Mexico Millions to Target Central Americans Fleeing Violence. Throughout this essay, I will exhibit my knowledge on these philosophers and their views on both theories. The Natural State of man is considered to be a major theme in philosophy. This is because of the ongo ing debate over how the state of nature exposes the reasons to why an individual man needs to be established between both Hobbes and Rousseau. On one hand, Hobbes believes a man’s natural state is miserable, and on the other hand, Rousseau believes a man is very content in his life. The article, Outsourcing a Refugee Crisis: U.S. Paid Mexico Millions to Target Central Americans Fleeing Violence, talks about how immigrating has become a key issue. The article focuses on the issue the immigrants from Mexico areShow MoreRelatedReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesinsect-borne diseases VF is one of the world’s leading producers of bed nets impregnated with insecticide. The purpose is to prevent malaria, caused by the bloodsucking bites of mosquitoes. Besides mosquito intensive areas, this product is used in refugee camps and disaster areas all over the world. Vestergard Frandsen, which is family-owned, does not disclose ï ¬ nancial data, but over the years it has sold 165 million mosquito nets, and the company makes a proï ¬ t. The concept for the LifeStraw beganRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesand efï ¬ cient. Some argued that the secret of successful RD lay in organisational competences such as t eam working, knowledge management and close relationships with external opinion leaders. Others emphasised ‘lean and ï ¬â€šexible’ operations and outsourcing of all but core competences. Some reorganised their RD to create smaller and more nimble units – like internal biotechs. Others sought external innovation. Biotechs were contributing an increasing share of the industry’s new products via licensingRead MoreDoing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region31325 Words   |  126 Pagesthe majority of people (38%). English is the preferred business language, as well as the language of the courts and for inter-State Government communication. The wide usage of the English language has been a boon for India in attracting offshore outsourcing. Time Zone Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) +5-1/2 hours. India has not adopted daylight saving time. uses standard time countrywide throughout the year. Despite its size, India 4. 2 Doing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region  © 2009 State CapitalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesto criteriology’, Qualitative Inquiry 2(1):58–72. Tranfield, D. and Starkey, D. (1998) ‘The nature, social organization and promotion of management research: Towards a policy’, British Journal of Management 9:341–353. Thomas A. (1997) ‘The coming crisis of western management education’, Systems Practice 10(6):681–702. Usdiken, B. and Pasadeos, Y. (1995) ‘Organizational analysis in North America and Europe: A comparison of co-citation networks’, Organization Studies 16(3):503–526. Van Maanen, J. (1995)

Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment free essay sample

Johnson Johnson: Successfully Strategizing for the Changing Global Business Environment I. Introduction Johnson Johnson is the worlds largest healthcare company. Founded in the United States in 1886, the company has been profitable for 75 straight years and currently operates 250 subsidiary companies in 57 countries. Its products fall into three segments: pharmaceuticals, with 39% of total sales; medical devices and diagnostics, with 36%; and consumer products, with 25%. Additionally, the company employs 119,200 people worldwide and sells its products in 175 countries. A truly global corporation, Johnson Johnson has securely positioned itself to overcome the challenges its ever-changing business environment poses, as well as take advantage of the opportunities presented. With a focus primarily on Johnson Johnson’s pharmaceutical segment, this paper seeks to explore the complex multinational environment within which the company operates as well as the opportunities and threats that the environment poses. Next, the paper will analyze Johnson Johnsons current positioning, describing its value-chain and competitive positioning. The paper will close by evaluating how Johnson Johnson both can seize these opportunities to realize the goals of the company. II. Analyzing the Environment In industries as competitive as pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer goods, analyzing the environment is vital for being able to make sound strategic decisions. Since Johnson Johnson strives to anticipate the external factors that affect its international business environment, as well as adapt to those changes, it is important that it understands the environment in which it is operating. The two sets of external forces that face the company are competitive and contextual. A. Competitive Environments – Five Forces Model Michael Porter’s five forces model provides a way of analyzing Johnson Johnson’s competitive environment. Due to a lack of available information about the bargaining power of suppliers as it applies to Johnson Johnson, this paper will address the four other forces: the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of customers, and the rivalry among industry competitors. 1. The Threat of New Entrants – High Barriers to Entry The threat of new entrants is not of particular concern to Johnson Johnson. Barriers to entry, especially in the industries of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, are extremely high if not unsurpassable. The world’s top pharmaceutical companies have extensive manufacturing capabilities, distribution systems, and economies of scale that have been built up over decades and would be virtually impossible for a new entrant to replicate. These top firms also have patents that protect their current products, as well as established research pipelines that ensure the continual development of new products. Also, they have strong brand names and large marketing budgets with which to defend them. Finally, the exceptionally high capital requirements for founding a pharmaceutical company and the sharp retaliation that new entrants could expect from the established competitors render the threat of new entrants very low. The medical device industry has similarly high barriers to entry. While entering the consumer goods market is easier, relatively, the vast number of competitors makes this industry very competitive, thus a strong brand name is vital for standing out. As the world’s most respected company according to Barron Magazine, new entrants to the consumer goods market do not pose a threat to Johnson Johnson. 2. The Threat of Substitutes – The Rise of Generics The threat of substitutes is much more problematic than that of new entrants, especially in the pharmaceutical segment. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that generic drugs be bioequivalent to their brand name counterparts, making them serious substitutes. Once a patent expires, generic manufacturers are quick to reverse-engineer the formerly proprietary drugs and sell generic versions at a fraction of the cost. Virtually all the top pharmaceutical companies, Johnson Johnson included, face an influx of upcoming patent expirations. The impending loss of sales when generic versions of the drugs inevitably become available is a serious threat to the profitability of many players in the industry. For example, Risperdal, a drug for schizophrenia made by a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson’s called Janssen-Cilag, was a significant source of profits, with sales that totaled $3. 5 billion in 2005 and surged 21% percent in the first quarter of 2006, to $1. 2 billion. However, when the patent for Risperdal expired in December of 2007 and became available in generic form in October of 2008, the company’s revenue from pharmaceutical sales stagnated. In fact, in July of 2007, Johnson Johnson announced plans to eliminate up to 4,800 jobs, citing patent expirations as the main motivation to trim the workforce and thus save money. If the company does not prepare for the difficult transition between enjoying market exclusivity and losing that security as those patents expire, it will face more negative consequences. 3. The Bargaining Power of Buyers – Influence of Generics In the pharmaceutical industry, buyers include patients, medical doctors who prescribe drugs, pharmacists, hospital boards, insurance companies, and other health authorities. The bargaining power of patients goes hand in hand with the threat of substitutes. When drugs are patent-protected, pharmaceutical companies enjoy a monopoly where they can set prices to include high profit margins. Since there are few to no substitutes for their products during this time, customers have little choice but to pay these prices, especially if their lives depend on the drugs. However, once cheaper, generic versions of the drugs become available, buyers gain more power. Patients’ switching costs, an important element in determining the bargaining power of buyers, are fairly low, and price-sensitive buyers will likely switch to generic versions once available. Johnson Johnson’s main tool in combating this problem is its strong brand name. Many customers have more trust in brand name products and are willing to pay extra for this perceived security. The other groups within buyers of pharmaceutical products, while fragmented, have more power than patients. Within the American healthcare system, insurance companies and health maintenance companies (HMOs) have considerable bargaining power, as they decide which drugs to endorse and provide. Since they have an interest in lowering costs, they exert a strong downward pressure on drug prices, partly due to the threat of the availability of generics. European governments’ national healthcare systems have a similarly high level of power, if not higher due to strict price controls. Thus, pharmaceutical companies have a need to establish successful relationships with these groups and market towards them heavily. 4. The Degree of Rivalry – Fierce and Changing Competition Competition in the pharmaceutical industry is intense and growing in intensity. While the numerous competitors remain fairly fragmented, mergers and acquisitions have increased rivalry, as the top firms’ areas of expertise began to overlap. Rivalry is especially intense in saturated markets, such as the pain reliever segment, in which Johnson Johnson competes with its products Tylenol and Motrin. In growing markets, innovation is a key driver of competition since pharmaceutical companies depend on â€Å"blockbuster† drugs for a large proportion of their revenue. With only one out of every 10,000 discovered drugs approved to be sold, stakes are high to find the cash cow drugs that recuperate the increasingly high costs of development. Since â€Å"me too† drugs are not as profitable, innovation drives the race to be first-to-market. While the main competitors in the pharmaceutical industry are concentrated in the United States, Europe, and Japan, an increasing number of players – especially generic drug manufacturers – are appearing in developing countries, such as China and India. These companies are driving the shift in the industry toward becoming more commoditized. Also, numerous biotech upstarts, which are smaller, more agile, and have lower overhead costs than their conglomerate competitors, are growing in power and taking market share. As the dynamics of the industry change, the established companies will find themselves facing stiff competition from all sides. B. Contextual Environment – PEST Analysis A PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis is a useful tool for understanding the larger environment within which the company operates. Companies can use this tool to identify a multitude of important aspects of their environments that may impact their businesses. . Political Environment – Changing Politics and Policies First, the politics on local, regional, national, or international scales can exert strong forces on businesses. Since Johnson Johnson operates worldwide, it must keep track of the political developments that may affect its business. For example, in the Czech Republic, health care is the sub ject of a major political debate. Changes in the healthcare system may affect to whom Johnson Johnson needs to market, and with whom it needs to negotiate if the company wants its products covered by the Czech healthcare system. Also, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic has a weak Parliament that will change in 2010’s elections. The company needs to anticipate which policies may shift under the new government. Finally, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic will serve as president of the Council of the European Union for the first six months of 2009. This is the best time for the Johnson Johnson branch located in the Czech Republic to lobby for any policy changes regarding the company’s interests and the business environment. 2. Economic Environment – The Crisis and the Euro The economic climate is also important for Johnson Johnson to analyze in order to predict when its business may face challenges, as well as when it can seize an opportunity for growth. Operating in the European Union and larger European community means that Johnson Johnson has felt the effects of the current economic crisis. Aware of the crisis, the company has been able to plan for its impact, and fortunately, the effects on Johnson Johnson have not been severe, as medical products remain necessities even in periods of economic downturn. In respect to the Johnson Johnson branch in the Czech Republic, the economic environment is one that quickly transitioned from a communist, planned economy to the free market. Though the Czech Republic has embraced free market principles since the fall of the Soviet Union, it is important that Johnson Johnson recognize that this change was relatively recent, and certain aspects of working in the Czech Republic may still be affected by this history. Finally, discussions surrounding the use of the euro and the benefits and disadvantages of a common currency are debates that Johnson Johnson should be aware of in this time period. While Slovakia adopted the euro in January 2009, the Czech Republic has kept its own currency. A switch to the euro in the Czech Republic could have a wide range of effects, some positive and some negative, and Johnson Johnson should understand the implications for its business if that change occurs in the Czech Republic. For example, adopting the euro would make transactions with other countries more convenient, and Johnson Johnson should be prepared for a possible increase in transactions or the speed in which transactions take place in order to take advantage of the opportunities this change could provide. It should also be ready for the numerous practical difficulties with tasks such as accounting that may occur with a change in currency. Keeping these economic scenarios in mind is the kind of forward-thinking that is crucial to Johnson Johnsons success. 3. Social Environment – Aging Population and Public Health Problems There are two major social changes on the horizon that will both affect Johnson Johnson as well as provide tremendous opportunities. The first is the aging population. The gigantic baby boomer generation, consisting of those born between 1946 and 1964, has had a huge social and economic impact on the world since its birth. This trend will continue as the generation is beginning to enter old age. The influx of senior citizens will create huge demands throughout all realms of medical care. Johnson Johnson can expect to see increased sales across all three of its segments – pharmaceuticals, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer goods – in the coming decades, and must plan production accordingly to be able to meet the needs of this huge generation as they enter their most medically-dependent years. Additionally, in order to cater to the aging population, Johnson Johnson is pioneering developments in preventative medicine as well as less invasive surgery techniques. Another major social change affecting Johnson Johnson is the phenomenon of surging rates of various health problems, especially in developed societies but spreading worldwide, from obesity and diabetes to cancer and mental disorders. Though highly problematic for society, companies in medicine-related industries such as Johnson Johnson are finding themselves with an increasing number of people to treat and cure. As a company that invests heavily in research and development, Johnson Johnson has the opportunity to lead the way in finding ways to address these serious public health issues. 4. Technological Environment – Promising New Fields As many pharmaceutical drug markets become saturated and the blockbuster drug strategy becomes obsolete due to the major changes occurring in the industry, innovation and breakthrough medical technologies are essential for finding blue oceans in which to compete. Predictive medicine, which entails predicting diseases based on genetics and preventing them, and personalized medicine, which involves managing a patient’s health based on his or her individual characteristics as opposed to following the more traditional â€Å"standards of care† model, are growing fields into which Johnson Johnson can expand. The company’s strong emphasis on research and development and its leadership in the medical devices and diagnostics segment put it in an excellent position to become a frontrunner in making new discoveries in these promising new technological fields. C. Determining Threats and Opportunities 1. Threats – The Uneducated Consumer and Mergers and Acquisitions One of the biggest threats facing a company like Johnson Johnson is the uneducated consumer. Especially within the consumer products and pharmaceuticals markets, with the increasing availability and lower cost of generic products, a key component of continued competitiveness is the discerning consumer who has preferences when it comes to treatment options. Johnson Johnson must continually work hard to make sure that people are aware of its products and the quality that it ensures through effective branding and promotional practices, as well as consumer education. Patent expirations are also a constant concern for Johnson Johnson as proprietary information is an integral part of sustained revenue streams. Mergers and acquisitions (MAs) present both potential opportunities and threats for Johnson Johnson. The company has pursued MAs that have served to expand the company’s resources and help penetrate new and diverse markets. For example, Johnson Johnson recently acquired Mentor Corporation in order to expand its operations in to the aesthetic and reconstructive medicine market. Also, an important new medical product called the Fibrin Pad was developed with the cooperation of three Johnson Johnson-owned subsidiaries. These are just a couple examples of how Johnson Johnson is able to both grow and innovate through MA. On the other hand, MAs between other companies in the healthcare industry have the potential to upset Johnson Johnson’s value chain and competitive advantages. Johnson Johnson must pay close attention to the actions of rival companies in order to maintain its market-leader positions and barriers to entry against competitors. 2. Opportunities – Research, Synergies, Emerging Markets, and the Aging Population Johnson Johnson’s greatest opportunity is found in its heavy investment in research and development. This is especially important for its medical devices and diagnostics and pharmaceutical divisions. It is necessary for the company to be on the leading technological edge when it comes to medical devices to ensure that it can offer the most accurate and up-to-date machines available. As for the pharmaceutical sector, patent expiration and generic drugs demand constant innovation and addition to Johnson Johnson’s pipeline of products for sustained success. Strong pipelines in its pharmaceutical and medical devices sectors are a major source of confidence in the company’s long-term success. With eight new late-stage compounds in the pharmaceutical sector and the introduction of several new products to new markets in the medical devices sector, Johnson Johnson seems to be advancing its pipeline quite progressively. It also strives to be a consistently innovative company, and around 40% of its current products have been developed within the last 3-4 years. In 2008, Johnson Johnson spent $7. billion on research and development. The reinvestment of 11% of sales in to RD, versus the industry average of 3%, demonstrates a source of competitive advantage for the company. Synergies between product branches are yet another source of opportunities for Johnson Johnson. Through the well-coordinated efforts of its pharmaceutical and consumer products divisions, Johnson Johnson was able to make the formerly prescribed drug Zyrtec available as an over-the-counter drug, which came to be the company’s most successful product launch in 2008. This is yet another example of how the company is able to pool its resources in order to find ways to fulfill both the needs of both its customers and stakeholders. Other opportunities for Johnson Johnson are present in emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. Its products are currently available to only 25% of the world’s population. However, through its decentralized management approach and the adjustment of its products and strategies to match local needs and preferences, Johnson Johnson is reaching an ever-increasing consumer base. One method Johnson Johnson has been able to reach a broader consumer base through is the de-featuring of products, such simplified blood-glucose meters, which allows for access to lower-income customers and dampens the parasitic effect of cheap substitutes. One final opportunity exists in the demographic trend towards an ageing population. People are living longer, and because of this, new types of medical needs are arising all the time. Many types of medical treatments and surgeries are being developed and becoming more commonplace, such as hip replacements and plastic surgery. Patients want to be able to fix their ailments and expect a quick and uncomplicated recovery afterwards. It is up to Johnson Johnson to develop and provide the best possible equipment and supplies to do this and fulfill the company promise of customer success. III. Establishing European and Global Opportunities A. Expansion into New Markets – Developing Countries Despite the many challenges of working in both the European and global business environments, it is clear that these environments also allow Johnson Johnson to strengthen and continue to grow its business. With income and living standards on the rise in many European countries such as Turkey and the Czech Republic, where sales have already increased, and across the globe in developing countries like China and India, Johnson Johnson has many opportunities to sell its products in new markets or expand more in markets it has previously penetrated. In order to take advantage of the broadening market field, Johnson Johnson has begun to offer products that will appeal to people in less affluent nations. Its objective is clear: make products that are affordable for most of the world. To do this, Johnson Johnson has created de-featured versions of products that can be sold at a lower price, thus becoming accessible to more patients. B. Domestic Market Defense – Competition and Mistakes While Johnson Johnson expands to serve more customers in new markets, it must also maintain its secure position domestically. Though the consumer segment only accounts for only 25% of its total sales, the company realizes that keeping up its reputation and remaining a household name will help it as it moves into foreign markets. To put it simply, Johnson Johnson must remain synonymous with quality, safe products. Next, Johnson Johnson must be ready to compete with an even greater number of competitors, such as Pfizer, Merck, Novartis and Eli Lilly. Despite being the worlds largest healthcare company, it still faces competition and has run into problems when it has attained the market lead, grown too confident in its product, and then lost the lead. Because Johnson Johnson has twice lost its lead with one particular product, a heart stent, it now seems aware of this problem in its business strategy and therefore will be prepared for similar situations as it continue to penetrate new markets. IV. Analyzing Johnson Johnson’s Current Position A. Value Chain Analysis – Synergies, Cost Reductions, and Relationships A value chain analysis of Johnson Johnson reveals several key sources of value generation. Johnson Johnson consists of 250 companies that operate in 57 countries worldwide. The widespread nature of its operations and decentralized management practices allow for a high degree of local autonomy and adaptation. This makes Johnson Johnson very efficient in discovering and reacting to changing consumer demands across the globe. Also, the convergence of knowledge and information from branches across the globe gives the corporation a great advantage in the development of new products and technologies. Flexibility and detailed, location-specific knowledge coupled with heavy investments in technology, most notably IT, are the main production-based value drivers of the corporation. They allow for timely, adaptive responses to changing needs and the ability to achieve first leader power in emerging markets. Johnson Johnson is making progress in finding ways to reduce costs. Standardization initiatives in its pharmaceutical sector enabled the company to streamline operations and cut costs by $1. 6 billion in 2008. Cost savings are also created by means of acquisitions. For example, Johnson Johnson’s acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare is expected to generate up to $600 billion in â€Å"cost synergies† by unifying the efforts of the two companies. Johnson Johnson also emphasizes the importance of relationships with both its consumers and employees in its company credo. A talented and dependable workforce is important for innovation and efficiency in operations for any corporation. The company demonstrates its desire for employee welfare with healthcare services and carefully developed online resources. With an employee turnover ratio of less than 5%, Johnson Johnson demonstrates that it is capable of attracting and retaining the right kind of people to help it remain successful. B. Competitive Positioning – Differentiation and Resource Allocation As stated in the annual report, Johnson Johnson is a company focused on broad-based human healthcare. It offers a plethora of products throughout its pharmaceutical, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer products divisions. These products are made in response to both local and global consumer demands, representing solutions for many different customer segments. These factors are evidence that Johnson Johnson has chosen the competitive strategy of differentiation. Using this strategy affords Johnson Johnson a sense of prestige and quality and this is evident in its pricing practices. However, the company does use competitive pricing strategies and is continually trying to find ways to lower costs without sacrificing quality or reputation. Johnson Johnson is constantly seeking to expand its product portfolio across all divisions and spends large amounts of money in RD to that end. A Johnson Johnson representative said, â€Å"Be the first, be the best. † This is the most effective way for the company to enter new markets and secure a strong position by being the first to offer the right products in the right locations in a time efficient manner. Johnson Johnson’s ability to perform these actions successfully is due to the sprawling nature of its subsidiaries and the amount of resources dedicated towards making sure that they all work with each other and share information. Johnson Johnson holds a very strong competitive position versus other corporations due to the amount of its resources and depth of its operations. It is able to maintain its position as market leader in several product categories, as well as penetrate emerging markets, because of its ability to adapt quickly and intelligently. The company must remain vigilant, however, as complacency can result in loss of market share. V. Assessing Effectiveness and Conclusion In today’s fast-paced business environment, any firm needs to consistently reevaluate its strategic positioning, but in industries as competitive as the ones in which Johnson Johnson competes, continual evaluation is vital for long-term success. By any quantitative measures, Johnson Johnson is a very successful company, and the fact that it has earned a profit for 75 straight years suggests that there is a definite plan for long-term success. The company’s famous credo, known as â€Å"Our Credo† and written by former chairman Robert W. Johnson in 1943, may have a role in this success. The credo outlines Johnson Johnson’s responsibilities to its customers, employees, communities, and finally its stockholders. It also establishes the principles that guide the company, from making high quality products and recognizing employees’ merit to protecting the environment and experimenting with new ideas. Johnson Johnson’s credo has endured, unchanged, for over 65 years. While it does not explicitly state long term goals, the principles within it express the company’s intrinsic values. According to the company’s website, â€Å"Our Credo is more than just a moral compass. We believe it’s a recipe for business success. The fact that the Johnson   Johnson is one of only a handful of companies that have flourished through more than a century of change is proof of that. † Johnson Johnson has indeed flourished. It consistently tops the corporate reputation charts and is a role model for social responsibility. Moreover, the company is clearly prepared for the many challenges its ever-changing international business environment poses. Due to its strategic positioning and eye on the future, Johnson Johnson will likely survive another century. REFERENCES Academic Visit to Johnson Johnson, Prague, Czech Republic. â€Å"2008 Annual Report. † Johnson Johnson Gassman, Oliver, Gerrit Reepmeyer and Maximilian von Zedtwitz. â€Å"Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation. † Springer â€Å"The Global Pharmaceutical Industry. † Duke University â€Å"Mental health drug market tapped out? † CNNMoney. com â€Å"Our Credo Values. † Johnson Johnson. â€Å"Patent Expirations Behind JJ Cuts, CT Looks Closer at Patents. † Cosmetics and Toiletries