A Family Centered Preschool Essay

Several people may ask the question, â€Å"What makes the difference in a family centered preschool? † This paper will help outline the importance of a family centered program versus a preschool that focuses only on the child. The learning of the children in family centered preschools are enhanced due to the focus points not only being on the child, but the family too. Educators can best help children achieve effectively by meeting the nine essential elements(Morrison, 2009). One of those nine elements is to develop a partnership with parents, families, and friends of each child. The focus of this paper is Abraham Maslow’s whole child concept(Maslow, 1954) and helping families resolve issues. This program style helps each child to learn and develop in a more consistent environment and maintaining the goals each family has expressed for their child. Family Centered Preschool As children prepare to enter preschool there are several areas required for educators to effectively address for the child and family to feel comfortable in this new type of environment. A family centered preschool’s goal is to focus on child and family not just the child. The first step in this process is to focus on any attachment issues. Attachment is normal for each child to go through. What makes attachment something important for educators to focus on? Well, it is a lasting emotional relationship that is part of child development and it begins in infancy. This process will continue throughout the child’s lifespan. It is important for early childhood educators and families to work together to recognize and agree on proper goals for the child so that each child attains proper development in this area. When preschool educators focus on providing healthy attachment development this will help each child transition more easily into school. One main goal of educators at this point is not to look down on the families of these children because this will hinder the ability to effectively support the adults in the child’s life. An educator must remain free of judgements and enter each relationship with an opened mind. The educators acts as an extended part of the child’s family remembering that it is not a competition game for the child’s affection. When attachment issues are recognized, very important to sit down with the family and correctly identify issues together. The next step would be to use problem solving techniques to resolve these issues. This could mean a few easy steps such as letting the child watching the parent leave when dropping the child off for preschool or providing the family with community resources such as classes educating the family on appropriately dealing with attachment issues. Setting the family up with an attachment expert would only need to be done if some of these things do not work. For example: a family has adopted the child and the child is not connecting with them. An educator could suggest some of the following: holding the baby more often, holding the bottle verses letting the child hold the bottle if still in bottle feeding stages, bathing with the baby (the skin to skin contact generates closeness), playing face to face games with baby (eye contact is important), and cuddling with the child. These are just a few suggestions that could be provided. Keeping staff well educated in this area and having a readily usable list of outside resources will help ensure the appropriate development of the children in the preschool. Once the attachment issues are resolved the child can move into the next stage of readiness for school which is self-help skills. Self-help skills become an important part of a child’s readiness for school. Educators of kindergarten expect each child to have already developed the skills to accomplish small tasks on their own. The job of the educators of a preschool is to help the child do things for themselves. Knowing how to appropriately teach the skills is very important. How adults respond to this is and to the exploring behavior will determine to some extent the child’s adult behavior(Gonzalez-Mena, 2009). Feeding themselves is one of the beginning lessons of preschool educators. Some families, based on culture, may find this a difficult task. Helping the family to recognize this is an important part of child development and working through the issues together will help to attain the goal of self feeding. Once the baby becomes mobile even bigger issues can arise. The main goal of this stage is to help the families set up a safe place for baby to explore in, after all this is what this stage of development is all about. When children are restricted to extremes, they loose their curiosity, their willingness to take risks, and their drive to be independent of others and do things for themselves(Gonzales-Mena, 2009). Toilet training falls within this category as well. Remembering to honor the values of each family will help to have a more successful result of developing self-help skills. After effectively working through self-help skill development, the next category will be to work on empowerment. Empowerment has a lot to do with issues of power and control. Educators can do a lot to facilitate empowerment and the controls that need to go with it to keep all children safe and secure. The immediate reaction of most adults in power struggle situations is to give lessons on sharing. This is not the appropriate approach. The educator must acknowledge and reflect feelings of both parties rather than to discuss sharing and fairness. To discuss sharing and fairness is null because these lessons have not yet been learned. The situation needs to become the learning guide for all children involved. Rather than create anger and grudges by removing something from one child and giving to the other, feelings on both parties should be acknowledged and then talked through. Explaining what took place and an appropriate reaction to correct the issue provides the child with options to do the right thing verses forcing the child to do the right thing. Other effective tools in dealing with empowerment are giving choices, setting limits, providing the ability for the child to play, and encourage self-help skills. Helping families to understand this simple guide will help alleviate issues at preschool. Families also need to understand providing a safe environment for children to explore in helps counter react power struggles. Allowing children to play outside of preschool with other children will help them achieve good healthy play habits for preschool. This may be the only interaction with other children that a single-child family has to mingle with other children. A suggestion to these families might be to create play groups. The educator could provide the families with tools in creating a schedule for play groups and meeting places. If they are not interested in using families of the preschool provide them with community play groups. Child avenue (http://www. childavenue. com/pages/playgroups_pages/playgroups_national. html) provides such resources to families and it is a nationwide data based tool. After leveling out empowerment issues, prosocial skills are next in line. Prosocial skills involve the skills for each child to learn what is important in life, right from wrong, and anything involving morals or values. This is a very controversial issue within any school whether it is preschool or high school. The best way to promote prosocial skill development is to do the following: model them yourself, explain why you are setting limits, encourage cooperation by finding ways to get children to work and play together, take a problem solving approach when dealing with conflicts, rather than a power stance, avoid punishment as a way of disciplining, do not be overpowering remember to empower instead, avoid using competition to motivate, help children to appreciate the world and people they share it with, give choices, teach children to solve conflicts without violence, and teach children to be peace makers (Gonzalez-Mena, 2009). If families also model these ways to promote prosocial skills the developmental process will be more beneficial. This may involve working closely with families to help them identify strengths and weakness to work on. Providing them with goals and guideline checklist as well as modeling the behaviors when working with the families. This can be a lengthy drawn out process but the results will be worth it all. While working on a successful completion of developing good prosocial skills, it may be necessary to work on self-esteem. Self-esteem is very important to the success of every aspect of life. If an individual perceives themselves in a negative way their accomplishments tend to be very limited. The ability to open the doors of the future depends on the appropriate development of a positive self-esteem. This does not mean an individual has to like everything about themselves, but rather accept themselves the way they are and make changes to the things they do not like. The serenity prayer is one passage that comes to mind when talking about self-esteem.

Lenovo Marketing

Lenovo Acquisition Analysis Product/Brand decisions: Some of the issues Lenovo had to deal with in the acquisition of IBM was how to capitalize on the marriage of brands and how to win corporate respect with the Lenovo brand. The acquisition allowed Lenovo to move quickly into the international marketplace. Given that IBM had one of the most trusted brands around the world, this allowed Lenovo to build on past IBM’s reputation. But Lenovo only had the right to use the IBM logo for five years so they wanted to leverage that asset.The media perception of Lenovo’s association with the Chinese government was also concerning to Lenovo’s executives since firms with this type association tend to get low marks for trustworthiness. In response they did face to face surveys to determine customer concerns. After choosing to focus on innovation and quality the company eventually settled on a strategy with two elements: build up the Lenovo brand as master brand and continue t o strengthen the ThinkPad brand which rated high among corporate buyers. Pricing decisions: Lenovo’s pricing decisions was a case of how to position itself in the minds of consumers.They had already become very efficient with the cost of manufacturing since most of the components were already being made inside of China. But they had to choose what its brand essence would be and over how many categories its brand would be stretched. As they saw it there were two groups with which to compete. One group included the discounted pricing model like Dell, HP, Acer and such. Another group included Apple and IBM which distinguished their products on innovation and quality. So to remain competitive, Lenovo planned to launch their new PC Series 3000.This was an attempt to keep the master brand and the ThinkPad as luxury products at a premium price and to create another product that was priced lower and could compete in the market on another level. They chose not to compete directly on p rice with the 3000 family by applying what they learned business consumers wanted which was ‘worry free computing’. They were going to stress in their marketing strategy that the Lenovo brand stood for innovation. Competing on price would have given the perception of a cheap product from China. But they learned that consumers put a premium value on quality, reliability and durability.Distribution decisions: The acquisition allowed Lenovo to acquire distribution channels that IBM had already built up. It now had a marketplace to 138 countries where both businesses had been selling previously. Prior to the acquisition sales in China for Lenovo’s were 70% transactional through business partners and 30% by relationships or consulting. Globally for Lenovo it was the opposite with only 30% of sales through partners. IBM’s customer base had been predominantly corporate customers. On the supply chain side IBM pc’s were already sourced in China so there were operational efficiencies to be gained.According to one executive there appeared to be no channel conflict since they had complementary products and client bases. They could assembly a broad product portfolio and use global distribution to take products around the world. Combining the two cultures still posed a challenge to making the company function in the manner it was the merger was conceived. Even though Lenovo had modeled itself after HP and IBM by focusing on meritocracy, the potential for corporate and operational clashes had not been clearly removed. However, the young CEO Yang exhorted them to work together as they integrate the two companies. The key message was to trust the other person’. This helped foster an atmosphere that would help the transition. Promotion decisions: Lenovo had many challenges facing them with regard to promotion of the brand and product portfolio. One was how to position the ThinkPad brand with the market and whether to put this brand on ex isting Lenovo products. The marketing manager thought this would dilute the ThinkPad brand and decided to keep the ThinkPad as a separate product class that would build on its reputation of a premium business notebook.This became part of their strategy of a ‘one-two punch’: building up the Lenovo master brand and continue to strengthen the ThinkPad product brand. Just before the acquisition Lenovo had negotiated an Olympic sponsorship in order to introduce the world to the brand. They would be able to use the Olympic logo for marketing and promotion but this arrangement would come at a hefty price of $80 million to start and another $160 for the additional advertising requirement; a large sum for a company with $3. 2 billion in sales.Lenovo would also be able to continue to use the IBM logo for five years as part of the acquisition which they intended to leverage. The promotion strategy led to a three phase advertising plan. First, they ran a worldwide campaign where ea ch ad ended with a mention of the ThinkPad instead of Lenovo to reassure customer and maintain the ThinkPad momentum. The second campaign was labeled ‘ThinkPad Unleashed’ which ran during the Olympics to emphasis that the ThinkPad was being made even better. The third phase stressed that Lenovo stood for innovation which is how they intended to differentiate themselves from their competitors.In order to continue to raise awareness, the marketing manager studied brand-tracking research from 10 countries every quarter. They would chose product placements on TV shows in countries like India as a result of the studies. They also explored unconventional ways to position the company as Dell and HP continued to outspend them in ad dollars by as much as 20 times in the US and 10 times in Japan. Upon introducing a ‘3000’ family of pc’s for the small business market, the challenge was how to position it as price-competitive without the perception that they wer e cheap products from China.This might dilute the master brand. They would investigate more in depth about what business customers ultimately wanted in their pc’s. To help with what their research revealed, each PC came with a set of tools labeled ‘LenovoCare’ for ‘worry-free computing’. Marketing strategy: The marketing strategy would eventually stress a family of innovative products that resulted from the marriage of the two brands. This would help support their mission statement: We put more innovation in the hands of more people so they can do more amazing things.Delivering on this mission would prove to be harder than just saying it. From the outset, Lenovo strived to create a management team that was representative of the new global market. They achieved this by hiring employees in the countries where they sold the PC’s. Developing a marketing strategy that spanned the globe was a daunting task that would only be successful if their dive rse team of executives worked together. Having multiple cultures working together toward the same goal would be difficult. Within the first several months after the acquisition the Lenovo did lose market share.Now the company would have to stand on the Lenovo brand to get them through the next several difficult months of regaining that share and getting more entrenched in the US market. They would find that even in their own home country of China where they once had the advantage that competition had become more intense due to additional ad dollars they were spending. As long as they continued to support the innovative culture which won IBM so much recognition and to work to make the cultures manage together this would lead to a successful future.

Is Global Warming Happening Or Not Happening Environmental Sciences Essay

What is planetary warming? Global heating can be defined as the increasing in temperature of Earth atmosphere and oceans. The increasing of temperature may be little yet important. Global heating is besides the enhanced of nursery consequence. Greenhouse consequence occurs due to the being of nursery gases. Greenhouse gases such as C dioxide, methane, etc absorb infrared radiation. Sunlight radiation passes through the Earth ‘s ambiance, arrives Earth ‘s surface. A part of it is absorbed by the Earth ‘s surface while the other will be re-radiated back to infinite in signifier of infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases like C dioxide, methane, etc trap this infrared radiation and reflect it back to Earth ‘s surface and cause warming consequence. Without those nursery gases, H2O will stop dead and there will be no life on Earth as the Earth ‘s temperature drops dramatically. With excessively much of it, planetary heating occurs. I believe there is happening of planetary heating. Even though there are some statements against planetary heating, For case, some of the people argued that the scientific discipline of planetary heating is non proved. Besides, they argued that scientists may overstate the consequence of planetary heating as they wish to have financess from environmental organisations. Furthermore, some people thought that scientist non ever right, they may do mistakes in computation and giving wrong anticipations. Besides, scientists believe that the Sun end product has greatly changed since 1970, so there is non-occurrence of planetary heating. And, some people said that the Troposphere information does n't demo the same grade of warming as expected. Meanwhile, some scientists believe that natural emanation of green house gases is greater than unreal emanation ( Human Activities ) . However, those statements are non-sense. As there are tonss of groundss prove that there is happening of planetary he ating. First, the concentration of nursery gases such as C dioxide is increasing at an speed uping rate. C dioxide graph.gif The graph above ( cited from hypertext transfer protocol: //co2now.org/ ) shows the concentration of C dioxide from the twelvemonth of 1955 boulder clay 2010. Concentration of C dioxide increases decennary by decennary. The increasing of concentration of C dioxide rises the temperature of Earth as it traps the infrared radiation that re-radiated by Earth. Hence, planetary heating occurs. Besides, concentration of methane is increasing dramatically since industrial revolution. The graph below shows that the methane concentration in ambiance from Methane concentration.gif twelvemonth of 1984 till twelvemonth of 2005. Methane is one of the nursery gases that able to pin down more infrared radiation if compared to carbon dioxide. High concentration of methane further increases the consequence of planetary heating. Second, sea degree rises. There are 2 factors that cause sea rise, one of the factors is the Increasing in planetary temperature melts the universe ‘s glaciers that will let go of H2O to raise the sea degree. For case, ice cap on Mountain Kilimanjoro ( a mountain that is located in north- eastern Tanzania and the highest mountain in Africa. ) will be disappeared in 20 old ages. About 82 % of the ice cap has disappeared since it was foremost mapped in 1912. Besides, great sum ( around 87 % ) of Antarctic ice sheets have melted and collapsed into the sea. The 2nd factor is thermic enlargement of sea H2O. As planetary temperature is increasing at an speed uping rate, the temperature of the H2O of the sea additions, sea becomes less dense. This phenomenon will do the sea H2O to distribute. Once spreading occurs, sea H2O degree rises. ( Jeffrey Chanton, 2002 ) This information has proven that sea degree rises twelvemonth by twelvemonth, decennary by decennary. Recent_Sea_Level_Rise. png This is the graph that shows the recent sea degree rise. It is increasing decennary by decennary at an dismaying rate. With merely one sea degree rises, islands such as Maldives would disappear shortly in the hereafter. If this phenomenon continues, shortly, metropoliss like London, Bangkok and New York will below the sea degree. These are the groundss of planetary heating. They are so important. Third, ocean becomes acidic. Concentration of C dioxide is increasing at an speed uping rate. Carbon dioxide will fade out in ocean H2O, increases the concentration of H ions ( H+ ions ) as C dioxide will go carbonaceous acid, carbonaceous acid will further hydrolyse to hydrogen ions. Here is the equation of it. CO2A + H2O & lt ; = & gt ; H2CO3A & lt ; = & gt ; H+A + HCO3-ATherefore ocean H2O becomes acidic. Since 18th century, pH of sea H2O beads by somewhat more than 0.1 units. In the hereafter, the pH value will drop further. The effects are important, H2O that is acidic able to fade out the shells of aquatic beings. Aquatic beings like salmon, oysters and clinchs are sensitive to acidified H2O. Harmonizing to the article of acidified ocean H2O endanger marine life from Mexico to Vancouver Island, scientist, Lanson and her co-workers did some research on sea H2O of Queen Charlotte Sound, North of Vancouver Island, to northern Mexico. They found out that the sea H2O is caustic. As she mentioned that, the acidified sea H2O brings great impact on shell aquatic beings as the corrosiveness of the sea H2O dissolve their shell. Soon in the hereafter, the ecosystem of ocean will be affected. Fourthly, O depletion zones across universe ‘s ocean. Dead and low life zones are spread outing in universe ‘s oceans presents. Fig. 2. The graph above shows the correlativity between the concentration of O and C dioxide in hatches and staircases. The concentration of C dioxide is reciprocally relative to concentration of O. This graph has proven that the increasing of concentration of C dioxide that cause planetary heating will do O depletion in universe ‘s ocean every bit good. Harmonizing to a scientific discipline study that published by the research workers of University of Kiel, Germany, states that O content is diminishing in cardinal and eastern equatorial Africa and in the equatorial of Pacific. Besides, zones off the seashore of California and in the Gulf of Mexico are confronting diminishing in O content. While, subarctic Pacific is the top of it. Oxygen depletion causes extinction of aquatic beings. This will greatly impact human shortly in the hereafter, as human loss their beginning of nutrient. In the hereafter, dead fishes and other aquatic animals will drift on sea surface. More and more oceans will turn into dead sea because of planetary heating. The image below shows that the dead fishes that float on sea surface due to oxygen depletion that occurs in their home ground. O depletion.jpg The 5th grounds is climate alteration. Climate alteration is the changing of clime over a period of clip. Climate alteration may be limited to specific parts or occurs globally. Nowadays, the conditions is acquiring warmer and heater. Heat is constructing up on Earth ‘s surface. Drought occurs often in the past 30 old ages due to planetary heating. As an illustration, monolithic California fires. Besides that, planetary warming leads to other utmost conditions forms such as more hurricanes. For case, in August/September 2004, a moving ridge of hurricanes devastates Caribbean islands and parts of south eastern United States. Increasing of temperature of ocean H2O increases the opportunities of hurricanes as the H2O evaporates, it will organize hurricane while warm H2O will assist to keep strength and strength of hurricane. Besides, heavy rainfall and intense rain occur often presents due to planetary heating. Warmer temperature causes H2O evaporates more and big sum of wet in th e ambiance. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.preventionweb.net/english/includes/gpgraph/bars_occurence_hazard_hubpage.php? hazard=flood The graph above shows that the figure of inundation occurred ( reported ) around the universe. ( Source of informations: OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database ) . Number of inundation is increasing twelvemonth by twelvemonth, because of planetary heating. The 6th grounds is the alterations in agricultural field. As planetary heating changes the planetary temperature, utmost conditionss occur ; modified weed, plague and pathogen exist. Crop output decreases at low-latitude country ( Schneider et al, 2007 ) . Increasing temperature causes A The past few old ages have seen the Northern Hemisphere and other topographic points around the Earth experience higher temperatures that caused by planetary heating, which could ease growing features for certain plagues. For case, British Columbia, Canada has had a pine beetle infestation that threatens to destruct between 70-80 % of their woods by 2013.A Besides, planetary warming nowadayss new challenges for corn plague direction, as high temperature improves prevalence of insect plagues, increases winter-survival. Plagues that onslaught corn that is winter-intolerance, due to increasing in planetary temperature, they survive during winter season and they attack corn and causes dropping of harvest output and besides alterations in harvest output variableness. This is proven by scientists, Noah SA Diffenbaugh, Christian HA Krupke, Michael AA WhiteA andA Corinne EA Alexander. Furthermore, harmonizing to on-line journal Environmental Research Letters proves that increasing in planetary temperature reduced production of maizes, wheat and barley by 40 million metric dozenss per twelvemonth between 1981 and 2002. Compared to the information from Food and Agriculture Organization, outputs of wheat, rice, maize, soya beans, barley and sorghum, fell by 3-5 % for every 1 grade F rise. Furthermore, harmonizing to MAHA Malaysia, maple sirup production in America is diminishing approximately 10 % due to warmer and shorter winter. While drouth that occurs because of planetary heating causes H2O deficit, serious thesis greatly affects agribusiness. A scientific study from Colorado State University besides shows that increasing in planetary temperature causes croping lands to be less produc tive. hypertext transfer protocol: //fishsnorkel.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/crop-yields-jpeg.jpg? w=460 & A ; h=314 The graph above shows the decrease of the 10 twelvemonth turn overing growing rate in universe entire harvest yield/hectare since the agricultural revolution ( Data beginning, FAO ) . Besides, human wellness is greatly affected by planetary heating and clime alterations. This can be strong grounds that prove the happening of planetary heating. Extreme conditions events greatly affected human wellness. For case, utmost conditions that causes flood causes human decease and besides water-borne diseases spread in an accelerating rate. While heat moving ridges in Europe in August, 2003 resulted in extra mortality in the scope of 35,000 entire deceases. And drought brought infective diseases such as meningitis that greatly infected occupants in semi- and sub-Saharan Africa. Climate alteration besides alters the distribution of infective diseases vectors, as hurricanes and rains provide engendering beds for the vectors. Those infective diseases vectors attack human being. Hence, human mortality rate additions. Some scientific surveies have found out that higher temperature increased episodes of diarrhoeal disease in grownups and kids in Peru. Increasing in planetary temp erature non merely affects harvest output, animate beings yet human being. Water crisis is really familiar in this modern epoch. As planetary heating, clime alteration affects H2O resources. In the West, there is a turning Water exigency in Southern British Columbia, as the reservoirs are now merely at 30 per cent. In China, drought brings H2O crisis, thaw of the glaciers of Qinghai-Tibet tableland in Western China due to planetary heating reduces their potable H2O resources. The other strong grounds that prove there is happening of planetary heating is the migration of works and aquatic beings in the ocean. For case, many species of plankton are traveling north to get away the warming H2O on the sea surface off Greenland and Alaska. Besides, Eider ducks that live on St. Lawrence migrate 100 stat mis north to a part with colder clime. This strongly implicates that the heating of H2O off the island. Furthermore, harmonizing to the on-line diary, Global Warming Effects seen in animate being and works universes, 99 species in North America and Europe showed that wildlife such as birds, butterflies and alpine herbs shifted northerly an mean 6.1km per decennary. Global warming causes temperature-sensitive wildlife to seek for ice chest locations that are farther North. Besides, 172 species of migratory birds, amphibious vehicles were engendering earlier in spring, workss and vegetations blossoming earlier. Those groundss support the happening of planetary heating.

Aalsmeer Flower Auction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Aalsmeer Flower Auction - Essay Example The researcher states that FloraHolland flower auction plays a key role in the Netherlands, land of Floriculture where its position as marketplace fulfils the role of matchmaker, intermediary and knowledge center. FloraHolland itself operate a nationally operating intermediary organization and import department. In a market that is characterized by upscaling and internationalization, FloraHolland wants to maintain and increase its strong market position. By offering the best and broadest assortment, FloraHolland wishes to tie (international) commerce flows to the marketplaces. FloraHolland offers its members the best sales opportunities at the lowest possible costs. FloraHolland is a service providing company that is not focused on generating profit – Mission Vision. FloraHolland or Aalsmeer Flower Auction need to refocus its resources to continue to be relevant in this day and age with the emergence of alternative, electronically driven flower markets. To widen its market bas e and influence Aalsmeer Flower action should meet the needs of retailers. Retailers are also dependent on its consumers that demand for fresh products, more varieties, smaller quantities and multiple deliveries each week. Rightly or wrongly, the retailers felt that they should have more influence on supply. Business Requirements Aalsmeer Flower Auction needs to meet the requirement of its retailers among other things with the use of information technology using the correct strategy. The information technology strategy should be able to enable the delivery of Fresh products to the retailers at the shortest possible time and with minimum expense. Generalized model of exchange processes – Kambil and Van Heck 1996. The Grower should make the following information available: Grower ID: Batch number; Batch Type; Batch Availability Schedule; Batch Volume; Initial Price; Last Price The Auction transaction file should have the following information: Order reference number; Batch numb er; Batch Type; Batch Availability Schedule; Volume purchased; Price; Auction reference number; Transport code Logistic Providers should make the following available for the retailers. Logistic Provider ID; Transport Schedule (Departure Time and place – Arrival Time and Place); Transport Type; Maximum Volume The Logistic transaction file should have the following information: Logistic Provider ID; Transport Schedule; Order reference number; The above data profile assumes that the retailer, grower and logistic-provider identification database are normalized. The process flow is described as follows: When a grower put a batch of his harvest to the auction, all details shall be flashed on the board. For each transaction using the auction clock where a retailer purchase a portion of the batch, the board display will display the new volume up for auction. When a retailer completes his transaction, he will then pick the logistical support provider and purchase a room for his newly purchased flowers. The Logistic provider shall make his availability or the available room he can still accommodate to the message board.

Article or Case law Search Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Or Case law Search - Article Example In general, the antitrust litigation involves hospital. This article by Feinberg mediates private antitrust suit(2009) explains the recent underlying issues and developments in the antitrust edict with respect to the hospital physician relations, hospital relations and hospital payer relations just to mention but a few (Jossey, 2009). The core question that has long not been answered in these areas is the manner to which public relations and government determine the competitiveness for the services offered by hospitals. It is worth noting that hospital competition can lead to social benefits, which in turn depends more on legislations and regulations than on courts. It follows that the antitrust law has pivoted the shaping of the contemporary medical markets. One of the most pertinent thing that experts point out as an influence cause by the antitrust law is the ushering in of the era of medicine as a ‘valued’ business. Of late, research has discovered that lawsuits against the medical centers make up the lion’s share of antitrust litigation. Between the year 198/5 and 1999, the article affirms that the hospitals defended sixty one percent of the total 394 medical antitrust disputes (Jossey, 2009). It was at this time that the court decides to issue a formal opinion, where it stated that the hospital were only six percent plaintiffs. According to the author, this numbers understated the burden of hospital’s antitrust litigation (Jossey, 2009). This understate came about due to the information that the files gave out. It is noted that the claims of the files did not gear up the publication of the judicial opinion. In this regard, the antitrust perspective explains that hospitals are merely business organizations that bear the mandate of providing medical services. Undoubtedly, these services entail combinations of advanced technology, physical facilities, and lastly the specialized human capital. All the above forms the nature of the regulatory

Denial-of-service attack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Denial-of-service attack - Essay Example There are a number of network activities which people carry out in order to prevent users from working with a particular website or virtual organization effectively. Denial-of-service attacks are not a new phenomenon in the technological industry. These attacks are launched to slowdown or affect the smooth running of a particular website. These attacks are really troublesome for the users who have an immediate need to launch a website and retrieve information or process a transaction online (Morley & Parker 2009, pp. 383-384). Such attacks are, hence, widely discussed by researchers and the debate relating to the causes, effects and prevention of such attacks has been continuously given attention. This paper aims to analyze the causes, effects and reasons behind denial-of-service attacks. Denial-of-attack refers to a situation created by an attacker with an aim to stop or make difficult for the legitimate users from accessing the information they require or using services offered onl ine (Komar et. Al., 2003, p. 99). An attacker may affect the performance of the network or the computer system of the user or the computers and network of the website that the user is trying to get access to (Zhang, Zheng & Ma 2008 p. 588). An attacker may be able to stop users from getting access to the emails, chat databases, websites, online services like banking, online educational websites etc and so on (Vacca 2007 p. 238). It is important to understand the ways in which an attacker manipulates or worsens the situation of the network and its working abilities. The most common method used by attackers of Denial-of-service attack is the use of massive amounts of information to slow down the network. The ‘flood’ of information or massive requests for access to a site for viewing the information uploaded there, prevents a number of legitimate users from gaining access (Das & Gulati 2004, p. 214). Servers are designed to process a limited number of access requests or in formation

Relational Data Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relational Data Model - Assignment Example The attribute "is leader" should be removed from the table Candidate because this information already exists in the table Party. It is possible to get to know if a Candidate is leader of any party with looking through references to leaders in the table Party. .. First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth Party Pk_id Fk_leader name address date established Candidate Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth is leader Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicative data: Meet all the requirements of the first normal form. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys. (Chapple 2005) So, personal information, such as name (first, middle, last), address, gender, and date of birth can be taken apart into separate table Person. It also should have a primary key named Pk_id. Then tables Elector and Candidate should reference to it via secondary (foreign) key Fk_person. Therefore there are 5 tables in the relational database schema for the 2NF: Person Pk_id First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth Electorate Pk_id unique name number of registered voters Elector Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party_vote Fk_candidate_vote Fk_person Party Pk_id Fk_leader name address date established Candidate Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party Fk_person is leader Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further: Meet all the requirements of the second normal form. Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key. (Chapple 2005) The attribute "is leader" should be removed from the table Candidate because this information already exists in the table Party. It is possible to get to know if a Candidate is leader of any party with looking through references to leaders in the table Party. There's no attributes that are not dependent upon the primary key. Here are

Thailand the Struggle for Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thailand the Struggle for Success - Essay Example The import substitution policy was then replaced in the mid-1970s with the policies to boost exports. The impact of this shift in policy meant that not only Thailand now had a strong agrarian and industrialized economy but it also diversified in a sense that its economic structure became export-led which had a portfolio as diversified that it included textiles, electronics, chemicals, iron and steel, and minerals. One of the reasons for this diversity in the portfolio was the abundance of labor and natural resources. Thus, Thailand took complete advantage of globalization and its economy reported a growth in its average real GDP of 6.6% from 1960 to 1996 (The Brooker Plc p.8-9). This growth is the average growth rate in these years, there were also years in which Thailand witnessed exponential growth rate in terms of GDP and until 1997, Thailand was all set become the regional hub of the business and commerce activities in the region. Before 1997 Thailand implemented a policy of fixed exchange rate. Its exchange rate was pegged against the dollar. This effectively reduced the transaction costs attached to the inflow and outflow of investments. This obviously resulted in speedy growth as a result of the foreign direct investment. Unfortunately, the lack of foresight and anticipation on the part of Thai government led to the settlement of an economy which was heavily dependent on this direct investment. This policy saw its negative ambiance when in 1997 the investors lost confidence in the recovery of their investments and thus began to keep a check on their investments. The trigger down effect led to heavy speculations against baht and the local investors sold baht and bought more dollars. This caused the capital outflows from the country. But the real impact was felt when the government decided to float the exchange rate.

Development of Education in Saudi Arabia Term Paper

Development of Education in Saudi Arabia - Term Paper Example Saudi Arabia government is alive to this fact and invests significant investments in its educational program covering elementary, secondary and higher education. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia occupies about 80 percent of the Arabian Peninsula has a total area of 2, 2400,000 km2.ii They note that the population in Saudi Arabia is largely skewed with statistics showing that Saudis aged who are 14 and below account for 40 percent for a country with a total population of 27 million. This means that the country should invest heavily in education and health sector to guarantee proper upbringing for its young generation. Previously, the Arabian Peninsula existed as different parts until 1932 when King Abdulaziz Ibn Saudi was recognized the king of Saudi Arabia has taken over control of Hejaz, Sultan Nejd and the Dependencies in 1926.iii The kingdom did not have a formal educational system until 1369/70 AH (1949/50 AD).iv Prior to the introduction of a formal educational system, traditional ed ucational was followed known as ‘’kuttab’’. In this form of education, the schools were only open to boys although young girls could be allowed to attend kuttabs.v However, girls were to learn from their homes. The education system was established following massive support and lobbying from Prince Fahd Ibn Abdel Aziz who later became a king. The education system in Saudi Arabia is based on religion.vi Saudi Arabia developed its educational policy based on a formula that is relevant to all societies as postulated by Arnold Anderson. Anderson explained that in the provision of education every society has an objective of meeting three basic requirements which include: a capability to offer training to those to utilize such skills; equal opportunity for all members of the society and offer respect an individual’s right to choice in education thereby allowing flexibility.vii This paper will assess the development of education in Saudi Arabia. It will fir st provide an overview of economic development in Saudi Arabia followed by a discussion on the advancement of the various institutions involved with ensuring the provision of quality education such as the ministry of education and advancement in elementary, high school and higher education. Additionally, the paper will seek to discuss the advancement of private and sector education sectors and how women education is perceived in the country as an indicator of equality. Lastly, the paper will bring out the governmental scholarship plans and their benefits to the society. Saudi Arabia has experienced steady and significant economic development parallel to political and societal change.viii The country posted a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 6.8 percent in the last year’s fiscal year. The country has posted impressive GDP ratings given that between 1968 and 2010, Saudi Arabia has had an average quarterly figure of 5.03 percent. Prior to the establishment of the modern Saudi Ara bia kingdom in 1932, the society largely depended on agriculture and trade; exporting dates and trading with pilgrims visiting Makkah and Madinah.ix The country was devoid of any infrastructure necessary to support economic growth. However, things took a dramatic twist in 1938 with discovery exploitable of oil deposits and after the Second World War, oil exports helped the country acquire the necessary resources to implement infrastructural developments building world-class roads, schools, hospitals and seaports.     

Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Microsoft - Essay Example r of business organizations compete with Microsoft using an open source commercial model by adjusting and then dispensing open source software to customers at insignificant costs and thus earn revenue on complimentary products and services. Such businesses do not bear the total costs of development and research for the software. Further, advertising-based firms models look for revenue through delivering third party adverts to final consumers who get the software at no direct cost as Microsoft pays for the costs indirectly. Benefits in market acceptance of advertising or open source based software may unfavorably affect the company’s revenue, sales, and operating margins. The total subscription and license costs can vary depending on the available license levels and having a Software Assurance license. Microsoft Company has adapted the Elixir Workflow system, which is rich, web-based settings that that lets Microsoft connect many processes and people into certain business projects or activities. By using this technology, predefined business rules are achieved to get the company on toes. It manages and tracks different tasks linked to a project from distinct actions to approvals. This technology has helped Microsoft to visualize its daily operations and identify areas of productivity advancements. The Elixir Workflow System is configured based on the rights of the users and preferences. This ensures efficiency in production processes and security for the products (Lopatka and Page, 2007) With the use of Elixir, multiple applications can be achieved with only one interface. This provides Microsoft with a flawless approach to interoperability. For precise productivity, the system offers a full set of trading process management operations including decisions and branching, event-driven interactions, and automated activities. Generally, the Elixir Workflow System is a significant technology to Microsoft’s productivity as it integrates various Computer programs

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 3 Session Long Project Essay

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 3 Session Long Project - Essay Example One such right is employee privacy. This includes physical and information privacy. No company can violate the employee privacy on the grounds of various ethical frameworks. If we look at testing or surveillance of employees without their consent on GPS or through any other means of technology, we can say that it should be discouraged because it renders more disadvantages than advantages to the society. For example, by tracking you employees through GPS, you are getting certain very private information and some information they might not want to tell you. This strips them of their fundamental right. It might help the firm on reducing the current bottling theft and save them a lot of money. These benefits are only for the firm. If we look at the disadvantages brought about by this surveillance of employees without their consent, they will include costs such as costs for the company, cost for the society and cost for the employee who is being monitored. For the firm, the cost would be the cost of equipment being used. For the society, the cost would be that the money spent on new technology could have been used for the benefits of the employees. For emplo yees, these costs will be explicit, For example, this might give them stress. This might also make them lose their job. However, whether or not the employee’s surveillance is justified or not is debatable. Actually, there are more chances that the employee surveillance done by The Coca-Cola Company through GPS system is justified. A company which is as big as Coca-Cola itself generally looks at the costs they are faced with before taking such decisions and only go with the option if the benefits exceed the costs. Hence, they must deem it as more advantageous and hence decided to go forward with it. However, companies are mostly concerned with their own cost and benefit analysis and they might have

Generation Gap Essay Example for Free

Generation Gap Essay Do you know what a generation gap is? Even if you dont know the particular definition, you are aware of this problem, basing on your own experience. Generation gap is a popular term used to describe serious differences between people of two generations. To realize how to deal with it, you should keep in mind that generation gap includes several aspects: children must know as much as possible about their parents and parents — about the world outlook of their children, about relations between brothers and sisters, and also about the attitude to them of close relatives on both sides — fathers and mothers. Children demand a great deal of attention, time and patience, so, if you are not ready to devote all that to your baby, it is better not to hurry There are many families where both parents keep working after giving birth to their baby It is similar to the situation with a single-parent family, when a father or a mother hardly have enough time and neglect their childrens upbringing. In such cases most of the time the child has to spend on his own or with his friends. Due to the fact that he has not got any guidance from his parents he may be involved in some bad companies which commit violence or even crime and become alcohol or drug addicted. When the parents discover that, its usually too late to change anything. On the other hand, there is a different situation when the parents treat their children too strict and dont give them any freedom at all. In this case the children may become pariahs among their peers. Constant bans may increase the risk that the child will grow up insolent and defiant. This causes another big problem — lying. The child is forced to lie to the parents because of the fear to be punished. It can be anything from putting on make-up in the girls room at school to stealing. Some children rebel against discipline and family values. They listen to a loud music, wear inappropriate, to their parents mind, clothes, dye their hair in inconceivable colours, have all their bodies pierced and tattooed trying to show their ind ependence and establish their identity. They want to be treated as adults, but they are not ready to take all the necessary responsibilities. It doesnt mean that your child is bad and he will become a criminal. Of course, not! It only means that your child is in his transitional age and he is in need of your understanding and support. But how to handle such behaviour? Parents should become his close friends. First of all they should learn to respect his interests. Try to speak with him as often as possible, offer some parent-child activities like shopping or going in for sports. It is worth involving the child in discussing some family questions, just to show that he is a full member of the family. Moreover, children in their teens are very vulnerable when they are criticized in public, so try to avoid it. Parents should always be honest and sincere with their child; otherwise it would be unfair to require the same from him. Too authoritarian parents cant do any good to their children as well as parents who overindulge all the childs caprices. Overindulgence may lead to the same results as negligence. There are parents who are afraid of hurting the child by banning something when it is necessary. Such parents risk becoming powerless in the family and losing control over their children who may become spoiled and capricious. It demands to make a great effort from both parents and children to reach mutual understanding. There are many different opinions on the question of treating children if they disobey their parents, but every parent should decide for himself what will be best for his child and set him on the right path.

Cross-cultural leadership: An analysis

Cross-cultural leadership: An analysis Introduction I have lived, travelled and worked extensively overseas since 2003 in particular London, UK and Dubai, UAE this has sparked my interest in furthering my understanding of cross-cultural leadership issues. I have experienced working in different organisations, cultural, customs, races, work ethic, languages, morals, ethics, beliefs, class / caste systems, education, etc. this is more evident in Dubai, UAE then it was in London, UK. In this Leadership Research Project I will explore â€Å"how cross-cultural issues might influence leadership approaches†, I will be looking at it from a Western Leadership Approach and Eastern Leadership Approach, which I will define later. There are a lot of issues and factors that effect leadership approaches, styles, and effectiveness some of which are organisational culture, national culture which we will be exploring. Yousef (1998) has highlighted that leaders and followers personal attributes such as national cultural, experience, education, age, tenure with present organisation and organisational factors such as ownership have a significant relationship with leadership effectiveness. I will be looking at Western Leadership Approaches i.e. Anglo Saxon â€Å"Australian and British† verus Eastern i.e. Arabic and Indian† and drawing on some of my experiences in the Middle East while working as a Construction Project Manager in Dubai, UAE from 2007 to 2009. Please note that the terms / descriptions â€Å"Australian, Indian, Arabic etc†¦ Leaders and Managers are more Democratic, Authoritarian, Autocratic, Laissez-faire etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These are generalisations and I acknowledge that there are Leaders, Managers and Followers that fall outside of these generalisations, as in Leadership there is no one size that fits all approach, what works in one culture does not necessarily work in another. From personal experience adopting an Australian, British, American i.e. Western Leadership Approach, Style, Characteristics, Traits etc. to the context of the Middle East i.e. Dubai, UAE working in an Arabic Cultural and leading and managing predominately Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sir Lankan, Chinese etc. work force does not necessarily work due to a cultural differences i.e. organisational and national, so you have to have a Situational / Contingency Leadership Approach Style to be effective in cross-cultural. Yousef (1998) suggest that leaders should adopt a leadership style that accommodates the followers personal attributes as well as organisational factors in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives effectively, this backs up my argument above. The two organisations that I worked in we polar opposites in terms on organisational cultural the first one Dutco Balfour Beatty LLC was one of the largest and well established construction and engineering companies in the UAE operating across diverse fields. The other Cliff Creek Building Contractors LLC was a relatively small company The first organisation was highly Authoritarian, Bureaucratic, over-centralised, authority and power is unequally distributed at the top and this is typical of most firms in the Middle East from my experiences. The second organisation was Brief Overview of the Industry â€Å"Insert Here† Body Definitions There is no set definition of leadership and cultural, it has been defined in many ways by many people for the purposes of this Leadership Research Project we will use the following definition Leadership Definition The GLOBE Project defines leadership as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members† (Page 15 Culture, Leadership and Organisations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies) Cultural Definition The GLOBE Project defines culture as â€Å"shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations of meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members collectives that are transmitted across generations† (Page 15 Culture, Leadership and Organisations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies) Culture includes the organisation, country where you live or have lived in, social class, generation, gender, regional, ethnic, religious, linguistics, customs, race, work ethic, morals, ethics, beliefs, values, class / caste systems etc. Western Leadership Style Ideas Definition I have limited my Leadership Style Ideas to the UK and Australian, as this is where I have worked during my career and have experience in managing people, resources etc. in terms of Eastern Leadership Style Ideas Definition I have limited my Leadership Style Ideas to Indian as this is was the majority of the workforce in Dubai, UAE that I managed and lead i.e. Leader / Follower relationship. Literature Review A review of the Literature reveals that there has been much written on the topics of Leadership and Culture but there is not enough interaction of the topics and a lot of the literature is from a Western Perspective, more needs to be written from the prospective of the Arab and Indian and also the industry. I have found from the Literature Review that there are many Leadership Theories i.e. Transformational, Transactional, Situational, Contingency, Leadership Member Exchange â€Å"LMX†, Ethical, Authentic, Visionary, Cross-cultural, Military View â€Å"Heroic† Leadership, Strategic, Charismatic, Spiritual, Less-ego, Liberating, Theory â€Å"X, Y, Z†, Traits, etc. and that different researches call them different things and there is a lot of overlap between them. There are of course other leadership theories that I have not listed above due to the limited space available. The leadership styles, traits, characteristics and approaches that I have outlined below are a broad generalisation of leadership in terms of Australian / British i.e. Western Leadership and Arab / Indian i.e. Eastern Leadership. The seminal work in the field of cross-cultural leadership was by Greet Hofsteed 1980 which has been widely cited, he study 100,000.00 employees of IBM from 49 countries and cultures over a 6 year period from 1967 to 1973 and identified four leadership dimensions to compare leadership differences and similarities, these dimension are: Individualism / Collectivism (Refer Item 5 6 below); Hierarchy, Status and Power Distance; (Refer Item 8 below); Uncertainty Avoidance (Refer Item 9 below); and Masculinity (Refer Item 2 below). The study was of one organisation IBM and one industry, and as such these dimension are generalisations of organisational and national cultural. This work has formed the bases for other researches, to replicate, extend and refute this, one such works was the GLOBE Study. The Globe Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness Research Program House 2004, from hear on will be referred to as the â€Å"Globe Study† for the rest of Leadership Research Project. The GLOBE Study examined 62 cultures across 3 industries (Financial Services, Food Processing and Telecommunications), how culture related to societal, organisational and leadership effectiveness. It studied 17,300.00 managers in 951 organisations and tested 27 hypotheses over a 5 year from 1992 to 1997. The Globe Study examined leadership from the followers point of view and used Hofsteed 1980 original four dimensions albeit renamed and added five new cultural dimensions listed below: Future Orientation; Gender Egalitarianism (Refer Item above 4); Assertiveness; Humane Orientation; In-Group Collectivism (Refer Item above 1); Institutional Collectivism (Refer Item above 1); Performance Orientation; Power Concentration vs. Decentralisation (Refer Item above 2); and Uncertainty Avoidance (Refer Item above 3). Refer to Appendix A for Definitions of item 1 to 9 above. The Global Study identified six major global leadership behaviours: Autonomous; Charismatic / Value-Based; Humane Oriented; Participative; Self-Protective; and Team Oriented. Refer to Appendix A for Definitions of item 1 to 6 above. They also identified 22 attributes that are universally accepted across the 62 cultures for effective Leadership: Trustworthy; Just; Honest; Foresight; Plans ahead; Encouraging; Positive; Dynamic; Motive arousers; Confidence Builder; Motivational; Dependable; Intelligent; Decisive; Effective bargainor; Win-win problems solver; Administrative Skilled; Communicative; Informed; Coordinator Team Builder; and Excellence oriented. They also identified 8 attributes that are universally not accepted across the 62 cultures for effective Leadership: Loner; Asocial; Non-cooperative; Irritable; Non-explicit; Egocentric; Ruthless; and Dictatorial. Jacob 2005 suggests that there are short comings of global sweep studies as cultural and management are dynamic and constantly evolving where these studies are a static snapshot of a country orientation. She then goes on to say cross-cultural managers should be able to gauge what types of leadership behaviour works in a particular culture and develop skills which enable them to assume the required leadership behaviour, this reinforces my argument above regarding Situational Leadership. She cites Fiedler who suggests that leadership style used should match the situational requirements. I think that the cultural dimensions and typologies that are outlined in this paper and that were identified by Hofseed (1980), Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (2000), House et al (2004) and others have there place, and are a good indicator for organisations and individual leaders who are proposing or are already actively operating in a different culture and country to there own e.g. Australian / Middle East / Indian. As this will give them an indicative guide to what attributes are universal across cultures, are considered good and bad and specific to a particular culture and what followers expect from there leader. I will identify below the individual attributes of the Western Easter Leaders as identified by Hofsteed 1980 and the Globe Study 2004. Western Leadership Approaches Australian and England â€Å"Anglo† Generally According to House et al 2007 1 P297 Generally Leaders from Anglo Countries i.e. Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa (White Sample) and the USA are highly performance orientated, mildly assertiveness, future orientation, gender egalitarianism, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance but low on in-group collectivism. Leaders from these countries generally support a charismatic / Value Based Leadership Approach, Style, Traits, Characteristics very strongly compared to other countries. It also quiet strongly supported Team Oriented Leadership and elements of participated leadership which enacted in humane oriented manner. Self-Protective Behaviours were viewed negatively a â€Å"Person Oriented† Leadership is endorsed by all Anglo countries where results are expected to be delivered and achieved by the leader by operating in a team. Australian The Australian management and leadership style I was born and breed in Australia which has influenced my leadership style, approach, characteristics, traits etc. This was developed through cultural influences both organisational and societal i.e. values, beliefs, morals, ethics, customs, rituals, artefacts, language, social class, generation, gender,†¦ which are learned and engrained in you from an early age. The generalisation of Australian Leadership style, approach, characteristics, traits etc. are Generally in Australia our culture and leadership is an enigma which is full or contradiction and change this has been developed over our relatively short history from European Settlement in1788 by the British to present day, which has included the following: Pre- and Early Settlement; Government and Politics; Economy; Australia as a Multicultural, Tolerant and Pluralist Society; Relationship with Other Countries. Values Egalitarianism â€Å"Mateship† and â€Å"A Fair Go† Inspirational not Charismatic Individual Rewards Performance Oriented â€Å"One of the Boys† Distrust of Politics and Politicians National Identity with the Heroism of the Anzacs Australia Continued Refer to table 9.1 P. 305 British The British management and leadership style General Specific Refer to Australia for details Eastern Leadership Approaches Arabic We had to extrapolate the GLOBE Study data for the Middle East to Dubai, UAE as only Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, Kuwait, Morocco were researched the Globe Study. I will have to extrapolate the Middle East Data to Dubai, UAE as only Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, Kuwait, Morocco were researched the Globe Study. I acknowledge that there are differences between countries and industries. General Specific Refer to Australia for details Indian, Pakistani, etc. General Specific Refer to Australia for details Indian is a spiritual culture Ethics and Social Responsibility With regards to ethics and social responsibility within the context of Dubai, UAE and the construction industry / construction companies I worked with this issue does not exist it has been my experience. Practical Implications Conclusions and Recommendations So as a Western Leader and Manager, who is managing Indians for example you should exhibit the following behaviours in the followers eyes if you do not already posses them. Culture and Leadership are inextricably linked. There is a need for further research in the area of cre Due to the globalisation of business and the mix of cultures References / Bibliography I have used APA or Harvard citation in this Leadership Research Project. Books 1. Sinclair, A. (2007). Leadership for the disillusioned Moving beyond myths and heroes to leading that liberates. Allen Unwin: ISBN: 978-1-7417-5100-0. 2. Jackson, B. Parry, K. (2008). A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership. Sage: ISBN: 978-1-4129-2848-5 3. Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck, Robert J. House (2007). Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Cultures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: ISBN 0-8058-5997-7 Journals 1. Dawish A. Yousef College of Business Economics, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Correlates of perceived leadership style in a culturally mixed environment Leadership Organisation Development Journal 19,5 (1998) 275 284 MCB University Press (ISSN 0143-7739); 2. Nina Jacob Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Post Bus, The Netherlands Cross-cultural investigations: emerging concepts Journal of Organisational Change Management Vol. 18 No. 5, 2005 pp. 514 528 Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0953-4814. Appendices Appendix A Definitions GLOBE Study 2004 Future Orientation; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies engage in future-oriented behaviours such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying individual or collective gratification. Gender Egalitarianism; Is the extent to which an organisations or societies minimises gender role differences while promoting gender equity and the equality of genders. Assertiveness; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in social relationships Humane Orientation; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, kind to others, and exhibiting and promoting altruistic ideals. In-Group Collectivism (Collectivism II); Reflects the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organisations, families, circle of close friends, or other such small groups. Institutional Collectivism (Collectivism I); Reflects the degree to which organisational and societal institutional practises encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. Performance Orientation; Refers to the extent to which high level members of organisations or societies encourage and reward group members for performance improvement and excellence. Power Distance Is the degree to which members of an organisation and society encourage and reward unequal distribution of power with greater power at higher levels. Uncertainty Avoidance. Is the extent to which members of an organisation or society strive to avoid uncertainty by relying on established social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to decrease the probability of unpredictable future events that could adversely affect the operation of an organisation or society, and also remedy the potential adverse effects of such unpredictable future events. Ch. 1 Introduction Culture Page 3 and 4 Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck, Robert J. House (2007). Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Cultures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: ISBN 0-8058-5997-7 Mr. Matthew C. Smith (S2748489) Draft Leadership Project Assignment 13 of 15 Rev. 1 12/02/2010 1:47pm 5158 Master of Business Administration (MBA) South Bank Leadership Characteristics Australian England Arabic Indian Universal Differences General Attributes Specific Attributes Game Metaphor Mateship Work Ethic Caution Adversarial One of Us Tall Poppy Underdog Pragmatic Mr. Matthew C. Smith (S2748489) Draft Leadership Project Assignment 13 of 15 Rev. 1 12/02/2010 1:47pm 5158 Master of Business Administration (MBA) South Bank Brainstorming / Ideas to be used or not â€Å"Leadership inexorably intertwinded with Culture† P.2 Cultural Methology and Global Leadership Edited by Eric H. Kessler and Diana J. Wong-Mingji† â€Å"Leadership is something that is co-produced within a specific context† and â€Å"Leadership is co-produced by leaders and followers† Ch. 4 Cultural Perspectives on Leadership Page 61 A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership Brad Jackson and Ken Parry. â€Å"Leadership is essentially a cultural activity it is suffused with values, beliefs, language, rituals and artefacts† Page 63 Culture Leadership A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership Brad Jackson and Ken Parry. â€Å"Culture Shock† I want to mention this. â€Å"Cultural Intelligence† Change management / leadership style and ideas to suit cultural context i.e. Situational Leadership. Sarros Santora leadership is embedded in social and cultural beliefs and values, and cannot be fully understood apart from the context in which it exists.

Comparative Analysis Essay on Two Articles

Comparative Analysis Essay on Two Articles Introduction Here the selected two articles are Article 1: Basics about Employee Motivation written by Carter McNamara, Article2: Employee Motivation by Dr. Robert E. Wubbolding. As the assignment is to do a comparative analysis between two articles on a related topic, the selection was done on topic of employee motivation which is an essential topic in effective business administration. In the first article it is basically focuses on the new managers and supervisors. First it describes how to clear up the myths of employee motivation. Then it describes basic principles in employee motivation. Subsequently it provides the details of step you can take for employee motivation. The second article is starts with a serious problem in human resource management and then starts the discussion about the Ideas of the management that need to absolutely give up by the management. Then it opens up for a discussion of why employees succeed or fail and what we can do. Accordingly there are no clear cut similarities that we can find it these two articles. But after the reading and the understanding it will open-up for broader understanding of the area of employee motivation. Comparative Analysis As above said Article 1: Basics about Employee Motivation introduces the myths to clear up in the employee motivation. Those are as follows: I can motivate people- Not really they have to motivate themselves Money is a good motivator understand the motivation factor of each of employees Fear is a damn good motivator Fear is a great motivator for a very short time I know what motivates me, so I know what motivates my employees- Not really different people are motivated by different things. Increased job satisfaction means increased job performance- Increased job satisfaction does not necessarily mean increased job performance I cant comprehend employee motivation its a science -Supporting your employees to motivate themselves toward increased performance in their jobs.ÂÂ   Article 2: Employee Motivation also introduces the ideas which have to be given up by the management. Those are somewhat new when compare with the myths of article one. The following four ideas are ineffective and actually constitute barriers to increased quality. As a manager, I can force employees to do what I want them to do Increasing the compensation package is sufficient to keep people happy It is not necessary to reward people for doing what they are supposed to do. People are good, honest, and will always perform to the best of their ability In article one introduces specific steps that can help to go a long way toward supporting the employees to motivate them in an organization. 1.ÂÂ  Do more than read this article apply what youre reading here 2.ÂÂ  Briefly write down the motivational factors that sustain you and what you can do to sustain them 3.ÂÂ  Make of list of three to five things that motivate each of your employees 4.ÂÂ  Work with each employee to ensure their motivational factors are taken into consideration in your reward systems 5.ÂÂ  Have one-on-one meetings with each employeeÂÂ   6.ÂÂ  Cultivate strong skills in delegation 7.ÂÂ  Reward it when youÂÂ  seeÂÂ  it 8.ÂÂ  Reward it soon after you see it 9.ÂÂ  Implement at least the basic principles of performance management 10.ÂÂ  Establish goals that are SMARTER 11.ÂÂ  Clearly convey how employee results contribute to organizational results 12.ÂÂ  Celebrate achievements 13.ÂÂ  Let employees hear from their customers (internal or external) 14.ÂÂ  Admit to yourself (and to an appropriate someone else) if you dont like an employee In article two introduces this area as What you can do and it says like this, Write a description of the behaviour of two employees with whom you need help. Be specific about their negative behaviours. After you read Employee Motivation, return to these two employees, using your new skills. You will be surprised at your success in helping employees learn to modify their behaviours in positive ways-ways that will help their productivity and make them happier-a win-win for everyone! But in article one Basics about Employee Motivation introduces five basic principles in the employee motivation. Motivating employees starts with motivating yourself its amazing how, if you hate your job, it seems like everyone else does, too. If you are very stressed out, it seems like everyone else is, too. Enthusiasm is contagious. If youre enthusiastic about your job, its much easier for others to be, too. Also, if youre doing a good job of taking care of yourself and your own job, youll have much clearer perspective on how others are doing in theirs. Always work to align goals of the organization with goals of employees as mentioned above, employees can be all fired up about their work and be working very hard. However, if the results of their work dont contribute to the goals of the organization, then the organization is not any better off than if the employees were sitting on their hands maybe worse off! Therefore, its critical that managers and supervisors know what they want from their employees. Key to supporting the motivation of your employees is understanding what motivates each of them Each person is motivated by different things. Whatever steps you take to support the motivation of your employees, they should first include finding out what it is that really motivates each of your employees. You can find this out by asking them, listening to them and observing them. (More about this later on below.) Recognize that supporting employee motivation is a process, not a task Organizations change all the time, as do people. Indeed, it is an ongoing process to sustain an environment where each employee can strongly motivate themselves. If you look at sustaining employee motivation as an ongoing process, then youll be much more fulfilled and motivated yourself. Support employee motivation by using organizational systems (for example, policies and procedures) dont just count on good intentions Dont just count on cultivating strong interpersonal relationships with employees to help motivate them. The nature of these relationships can change greatly, for example, during times of stress. Instead, use reliable and comprehensive systems in the workplace to help motivate employees. For example, establish compensation systems, employee performance systems, organizational policies and procedures, etc., In article two also describes this in a different manner. It always focuses to speak to the heart of the reader as considering him or her as a manger rather than introducing concepts and approaches in employee motivation. It is as follows with some key areas that author needs to emphasize. That society believes this is illustrated by the actions of our institutions. Authorities believe that stiffer penalties will, of themselves, cure the drug problem; that more effective punishments will control student behaviour. And the world of employment, in which most people spend a high percentage of their time, has surpassed other institutions in affirming this fallacious theory-that people can be effectively controlled from above. The fact is that employees can be helped to become more productive, to show initiative, and to do quality work. But the use of force alone brings only temporary compliance. If you are willing to make a commitment to change, you can learn how to coach employees in an effective manner. You can learn effective ways to talk with employees who are apathetic, resistant, or who suffer from other negative traits or attitudes. If you have ever found yourself without words to respond to an employee, or getting defensive, or giving in to the urge to verbally attack an employee, you will benefit from implementing the ideas contained in this book. These skills can help you feel more comfortable about your job. You might even look forward to Monday mornings! Positive results depend on one condition-you must learn the technique and then put it into practice. Article always try to build a conversation with the reader. It introduces the employees behaviours where the need of the employee motivation will arise as follows. Do you have employees who Are consistently late to work? Perform below their potential? Lack initiative? Fail to follow through? Seem to be moody? Perform poor quality work? Conclusion Article 1 first start up with what a manager should give up if he wants to motivate the employees. After that author wants to clear the myths of motivation and then gradually input the fresh ideas of motivation. Article 2, Employee Motivation, is a tool book that addresses the concerns of anyone who ever wanted to Motivate anyone!. It first asks serious of question which readers mind will open to a new area. Then introduces basic principles in employee motivation and then things can do when implementing those principles. So more or less both the articles try to open the readers mind by thinking that the reader will implement what the authors have mentioned.

Essays --

PFC Hachey The importance of lawful orders Lawful orders are important to the military to keep soldiers safe and out of trouble, lawful orders from an NCO or any one placed above you can be important to complete the mission so it is important to follow and obey them. Lawful orders are what keep the military organized and without order our military could not function as well as it does. Any person subject to this chapter who-- ( 1) violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation; (2) having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by any member of the armed forces , which it is his duty to obey, fails to obey the order; or (3) is derelict in the performance of his duties; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 92 in the UCMJ makes it very clear that disobedience of orders can be easily punished through UCMJ action. Violation of any order from a NCO or any one placed above the soldier is a violation against the soldiers army values and more specificly his integrity. When a soldier shows lack of integrity and fails to do what is right, only thinking about what he wants, needs to be punished because that is the kind of behavior that we can't have in the army. In todays army there is no room for soldiers who don't follow orders,the army is down sizing and the ones who don't live by the army values will be the first to go. The army is an organization that operates and functions on its values, so it is important that each soldier upholds those values. Soldiers are disciplined yet they still make bad decisions sometimes but There is no excuse for disobeying direct orders. If a soldier doesn't do what he is told or goes against what he is told how are his superiors supposed to trust him to do the right ... ...ially if taking those actions is not popular with others. You can build your personal courage by daily standing up for and acting upon the things that you know are honorable. If Ihad more personal courage Icould have kept myself out of trouble, but instead of standing up and saying no Imade bad decisions and broke the lawful orders given to me. Lawful orders are given for a reason, they are meant to keep each soldier safe and out of trouble they are always in the interest of the army and the mission ahead. When it really matters, in battle every order has to be completed and soldiers are professionals they always place the mission first that means they do what has to be done, what they are told the lawful orders from their higher ups. Lawful orders have created organization in the military for centuries and without them we would not be as successful as we are today.

Fichtes Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays

Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ... Fichte's Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ...

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Sal

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Salt Solutions Introduction: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential. It can be affected by several different variables including concentration of salt solutions. When a plant cell is put in pure water it will become turgid and it will not burst due to the presence of a cell wall and a large permanent vacuole and when it is put in a concentrated solution it will be plasmolysed, on the other hand when an animal cell is put in pure water it will burst due to the absence of the cell wall which is only present in the plant cell and if is plant cell is put in a concentrated solution it will shrink. What is the water potential? The water potential of a solution is a measure of whether it is likely to lose or gain water molecules from another solution. A dilute solution, with its high concentration of water molecules is said to have a higher water potential than a concentrated solution, because water will flow from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution (from a high water potential to a low water potential).: Pure water has the highest water potential because water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous concentrated solution even if this solution is a highly dilute solution. Variables that affect the osmosis process in the potato rods: ÃÆ'ËÅ" Independent variables: The Difference in concentration of salt solutions: This will affect the osmosis in the plant cell as I will prepare five different concentrations of the salt solutions and they are: 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0and this is how they are prepared: - For preparing the concentration of 0.0 I used pure water. - For preparing the concentration of 0.3: I measured 3 cm3 of the salt solution by using the syringe and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.3, then I measured 7 cm3 of water and poured it into the same test tube. - For preparing the concentration of 0.5: I measured 5 cm3 of the salt solution and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.5, then I measured 5 cm3 of water and poured it into the same test tube. - For preparing the concentration of 0.7: I measured 7 cm3 of the salt solution and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.7, then I measured 3 cm3 of water and... ... points on the graphs were plotted as accurately as possible practically. All my results supported my prediction I made and helped me to make a strong trend in the graph. Although, I might have got few anomalous results but that is to be expected, I may be have measured any substance which I am using wrong or not accurately. I repeated the experiment two times to get the accurate average results and to ensure that I had not made any mistakes and so as not to have any anomalous results in my experiment and there wouldn't be any chance for error to occurs. My results seem reliable as I am basing my results' reliability on a hypothesis and my own prediction. I repeated the same experiments using different concentration of the salt solution or change the temperature so as to help the rate of osmosis in the potato rod. Also for more accurate results, I could extend my coursework by testing the same brand of potatoes using different substances. By this I mean using a different thing instead of salt, i.e. sugar or maybe any fruit juice. Then I could find out whether osmosis occurs differently with different things diluted in the water. I could even use different vegetables and fruits.

From her arrival in 1568, Mary Stuart posed a major threat to the security of Elizabeth and her government

Mary's arrival in England triggered the discontent among some Catholic sympathisers to become prevalent, as Mary provided a clear leader to focus their religious dissatisfactions with the moderately Protestant settlement imposed by Elizabeth. This is why religious motivations behind some of the laity were the most dangerous threat from Mary. Political advantages from individuals supporting Mary are contributory factors to threaten Elizabeth, without the laity's religious motivations however they cannot amount to a crucial significance. International implications from Mary's presence were potentially huge but were never anything more than potential. All these factors revolving around Mary that threatened Elizabeth were compounded by the way Elizabeth mismanaged situations. Mary can be seen as the reaction pathway in the threat towards Elizabeth, she does not do much herself to endanger Elizabeth, however she provided the discontented with the motivation to threaten Elizabeth because she was the next Catholic heir. Those who felt discontented about Elizabeth's moderate Protestant settlement now had a clear leader to focus their ambitions of a Catholic England. The Northern Rebellion is a prime example of this religious discontent of many of the laity being focused on releasing Mary to restore Catholicism to England (5600/6000 were individuals not tenants of the landowners who would have been forced into fighting). The reason why this is the paramount threat to Elizabeth is because of the number of people who had grievances against the religion and saw Mary Stuart as the way to gain their religion back. Tied into this is the political danger of those Nobles who also had Catholic sympathies but were also in a position to challenge Elizabeth i. e. he Duke of Norfolk who was under demands from Mary Stuart to gain her release from prison by force if needed. Mary was always going to be the main centre of Catholic plots against Elizabeth because she was the heir to the throne. Catholic dissatisfactions were already present before her arrival but were compounded and given direction with her arrival. Therefore Mary can be seen as the instigator behind the Catholic threat to Elizabeth. This is shown by the fact that until 1568 Elizabeth was relatively free from Catholic threats, however with the arrival of Mary Stuart the question of Elizabeth's successor arisen and the Catholic plots began. Moreover with a Catholic heir to the throne available to the Catholics in England then Elizabeth's life was under increased threat. This is because the extreme Catholics were undoubtedly prepared to kill Elizabeth, their Queen, to gain their religion. After all their route to heaven or hell was controlled by Elizabeth and if she got it wrong then they would not gain salvation. This personal threat to Elizabeth is shown by the St Bartholomew's Day massacre, where French Catholics killed their Protestant King in the name of their religion. This threat is also emphasised by the assassination of William of Orange by Dutch Catholics. Mary behaves like a catalyst in the Catholic threat to Elizabeth, without her the plots that surrounded her would have no meaning because there is nobody to restore Catholicism for them. However as Mary was in England then repeats of what had happened in France and Spain to Protestant leaders similar to Elizabeth could also happen. Politically Mary Stuart provides an alternative for those Nobles who were not content with their position under Elizabeth. Nobles who were isolated from power under Elizabeth may see supporting Mary Stuart as a way to gain power in court or getting back positions that they had deprived under Elizabeth. Example of these nobles includes the Earl of Northumberland who under Elizabeth had his wardship of the Middlemarch deprived. This plan by Elizabeth to decrease the power of the magnates in the North had loosened the allegiance between Elizabeth and nobles such as Northumberland to such an extent that they saw taking a risk on Mary Stuart as being more advantageous than serving under Elizabeth an having their power and prestige slowly eaten away. Once again Mary has not done anything herself to threaten Elizabeth but inversely her position as heir to the throne has attracted supporters who are willing to threaten Elizabeth, therefore Mary is the main pathway for Catholic threats. Tied in with the threats from isolated Nobles were the threats from within Elizabeth's court involving Mary Stuart, which were also very dangerous to Elizabeth. The main court intrigue was the proposed marriage between the Duke of Norfolk and Mary Stuart. This faction came to be mainly because of the fact that they wanted Elizabeth to name Mary as her heir. However this faction contained many powerful Nobles, who it seemed were plotting against Elizabeth around Mary. International threats revolving around Mary Stuart were potentially huge, especially from Spain who at that time were the major Catholic leaders in Europe. In theory it would be thought that Spain would want to support Mary Stuart onto the English throne because of her Catholicism. However because Mary Stuart was in the Guise family who controlled France and Scotland, then Spain would rather not have France effectively controlling England as well. Despite the disadvantages of Spain supporting Mary Stuart there are still examples of how Mary Stuart's presence in England gave rise to danger to the security of Elizabeth's throne from Spainish involvement, nor could Elizabeth ignore this potentially massive threat. For example the Ridolfi Plot which once again aimed to secure Mary's release and position on the English throne also included military assistance from Spain, however the plot was discovered and the troops did not come. Although the military did not come form Spain, Mary Stuart's qualities as a ruler i. e. she is Catholic, once again means that these international threats are going to see her as a means to weaken Elizabeth if not to replace her altogether. Foreign involvement centring around Elizabeth also came from France, after all Mary was half-French and therefore a clear motivation for France can be seen to control England as well. This is shown by the Throckmorton plot were the Duke of Guise was planning to lead an army to depose Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne. Although it failed it shows that Mary was the link between almost all the people who felt unhappy with Elizabeth's reign from the English laity in the North to some of the French Catholics. She united people who felt frustrated with Elizabeth's reign and those who saw advantages from supporting Mary. The security of Elizabeth's throne is definitely challenged here, although it does not go ahead, it is warning of what can happen, and foreign involvement from the leading two Catholic powers in Europe, i. e. Spain and France in supporting Mary Stuart cannot be taken lightly. Elizabeth's mismanagement of situations that may have deflated the threats aimed towards her centring around Mary Stuart made them worse. Politically Elizabeth tried to reduce the power of the magnates in the North by setting up councils. This alienated Nobles such as Northumberland from power and therefore distanced the Noble's allegiance to Elizabeth. This is a major factor in why the Revolt of the Northern Earls took place. This would not have been such a problem if not for the fact that Mary Stuart was present in England. She gave the isolated Nobles a chance to avenge their disfavour from Elizabeth. Elizabeth can also be identified in mismanaging the religious settlement to make some Catholics discontented enough to support Mary, a French women, over their own English Queen. To drive 5400 individuals to a point where they felt they had to rebel in the Northern Rebellion must have been down to something Elizabeth did. For example Elizabeth introduced the use of the Protestant prayer Book. Therefore Elizabeth created support for Mary Stuart with her own actions. This increases Mary's threat and shows that the security of Elizabeth's throne was intensified by some actions taken by Elizabeth. Elizabeth also hampered the security of her own throne by not taking the opportunities to subdue the threat from Mary. This could have easily been done by naming Mary Stuart as her heir, this would have pleased a lot of people and had a lot to commend itself. Including the fact that the Catholic threat, the main threat centring around Mary, would have decreased significantly because they would have been most likely been content with knowing that the next Monarch of England was going to restore Catholicism. However instead Elizabeth hesitated and refused to make her decision by ignoring the subject. For example during the court intrigue she refused to name her heir under significant pressure from her court. Once again Elizabeth has intensified the threat orbiting around Mary, not taking the opportunities to relieve the pressure that Mary is placing on the security of Elizabeth's throne. Mary Stuart's threat to Elizabeth not only came from the fact that she was the Catholic heir but she did have tremendous political skill and personal magnetism. This is clear to see from the way she manipulated the Duke of Norfolk into trying to secure her release. For example before the Northern Rebellion when Mary met Norfolk and she old him to get her released by force if necessary and Norfolk undoubtedly did what he was told and was involved in a number of plots to release Mary. Cecil knew about Mary's personal danger an tried to persuade Elizabeth to have her executed much earlier than she was, however Elizabeth refused, this is another example of how Elizabeth's indecision over crucial matters failed to remove the danger of Mary Stuart and is clearly linked to her mismanagement of matters as shown above. Mary Stuart's arrival in England was the instigator in many of the plots against Elizabeth. She was the turning point in the security of Elizabeth's throne, from being relatively calm pre 1568, to continuous strain on Elizabeth's throne after 1568. Mary herself was not the actual threat to Elizabeth, but she was the motivation for them. Most significantly religious threats orbiting around the fact that Mary was Catholic and placing Mary on the throne were paramount compared to all other motivations. Political factors were contributory to religion and international threats were conceivable but never got off the ground. However Mary's overall threat could have been reduced by Elizabeth but of her mismanagement. Nobody troubled Elizabeth more than Mary Stuart in her reign due to the fact that she was the Catholic heir and therefore Catholics who felt religiously dissatisfied were prompted to threaten Elizabeth.