Network Design for the 2012 London Olympics Essay Example for Free

Network Design for the 2012 London Olympics Essay This report is a step by step analysis of the requirements planning and implementation of a network based on the infrastructure of an office environment. Throughout this report, the reader will see how the requirements planning is broken down into detailed sections to illustrate how each requirement has been identified for the stages of planning to implementation. In the first part of the report, we will be identifying what hardware is required for the scale of the network, taking into consideration a room for future expansion and devices to be added at a later date. The second part of the report will be the identification of software that will be needed to run all services on the network including set-up and configuration of the software. Network Planning Why is a network required? Before actually planning the set-up of a network, the use of a network has to be justified. There are many uses to a network, some of the basic uses are †¢ Sensitive information exchange – information is shared only between departments and/or specific users and not to other people, e. g. customer account information that contains bank information and/or other personal information. †¢ Internal digital mail requests and communication between departments in a business may be increased and messages can be saved for later use. †¢ Resource sharing – information updated constantly is shared from one location and is referenced by other departments and/or users within the same network, e. g. a database of customer details and orders for a company. †¢ File Backup Services – information is backed up or stored in a secure location in the event of future problems and to maintain records of information. There are other uses of networks as well but mainly they are used as a means of security. Within a company, when a network is utilised correctly, the flow of information across a network can be monitored and tracked back to the user. This is essential to ensure no information used within the company is accessed from an outside source or is used in an unlawful manner by a company employee. Scope of the network Since the network is being made for the London 2012 Olympics, we can assume that the network will be of large scale (roughly 500-2,000 users). This means that each service, such as email and DHCP services, will require its own dedicated hardware in order for the resources to be adequately shared without any network latency or slow access experience. If the network is used on a much smaller scale, then the services could run from using only a few pieces of dedicated hardware such as the domain and email services sharing hardware. A site survey should always be performed before installation a network to ensure that wireless signals can be transmitted throughout the building or buildings and to see how the network can be modelled based on the environment it is going to be installed in. Identifying Network Hardware In this section, we will identify different hardware and its uses on a network, how a network is connected and what devices are used to connect a network throughout a company building. Servers and Services There are many different types of services that can be hosted from a server on a network. Many of these services usually have their own dedicated hardware but depending on the scale of the network, the services can easily be bunched together on the same hardware to cut down on overall equipment usage. Domain Server The domain server is used to authenticate users and computers included on the network. It is considered the main access control to a network because it stores all user account information used in authentication. Email Server The email server is used to direct messages to the correct recipient once the message has been processed by the server. Many companies today use a private internal mail system as a way of faster communication within departments. File Server A file server is used to provide users access to information and data across the network. This helps reduce file duplication across different computers on the network. Permissions can be set for file access so that important documentation can be read but not written to or deleted. DNS Server A DNS server is a kind of server that translates DNS names into an I. P address that is used for communication on the internet. DHCP Server A DHCP server is used by hosts to retrieve I. P addresses and other information. Firewall Server A firewall server is used for monitoring the network for vulnerabilities and intrusions and detecting viruses in the event of an attack from the internet. Application Server An application server is used to host applications and make them a part of the network’s resources. The servers are commonly used to save on costs for multiple software licenses compared to a site license. Database Server A database server is used to host a database for access by users. These servers can be updated and viewed. These are commonly used in finance departments or companies that host customer records that needs to be accessed and amended constantly. Network Devices This section will better explain the other devices that make up a network such as the network equipment itself and other devices which can be considered essential to a networked environment. Modem A modem is used to connect an outside line (usually from an internet service provider) via telephone communication to the network enabling internet access or access to another site’s resources. Router A router is a device that forwards data packets between devices on a network and can manage which network node receives certain data rather than sending the same data to each node. Routers can also have their own firewalls. Switch A switch is used to connect segments of a network together. Switches are an important part of a network as they are used to connect multiple devices at once. These switches come in all shapes and sizes, ranging from a simple 2 port switch to a 48 port switch which fits into a server rack. Wireless Access Point The wireless access point is a device that adds wireless connectivity to your network. This type of network device is often used to connect portable devices such as laptops, PDA and Smartphones to the network. It is also used for wireless printers and installing hardware devices to computers where network cabling is not applicable. Network Printer Network printers are printers made available on the network as a resource so that many users can print from one location. This cuts down multiple hardware usage per computer which saves hardware costs and maintenance. Aside from users, all of these services and devices are what make up a network. Connecting your Network: Cabling and Access Points Now that we have outlined what services and devices make up a network, there is the matter of how a network will be connected. There are a few methods of connecting a network, each with its own pro’s and con’s. The standard method of connecting a network is via cable. Cable Connection Cable connection for a network is one of the most trusted methods of connecting users to resources. The reason for this being that wired connections were the first standard and constant communication to be used with computers. Wireless connection is still a fairly new method of communication and is therefore still changing. Types of Network Cables There are quite a few types of network cables that are used today in business, each suited for different purposes. Twisted Pair is a type of copper cabling that is used for telecommunications and most Ethernet networks. There are two types of twisted pair cabling. †¢ Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) – UTP cables have a range of 100 meters and rely solely on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted-wire pairs that limits signal degradation. †¢ Shielded twisted pair (STP) – STP cables reduce electrical noise from within the cable since each pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil to better shield the wires from noise. Four pairs of wires are then wrapped in a metallic braid or foil. Coaxial cable is a copper-cored cable that is surrounded by heavy shielding. There are several types of coaxial cable. †¢ Thicknet or 10BASE5 – used in networks and operated at 10mbps, maximum length of 500 meters. †¢ Thinnet or 10BASE2 – used in networks and operated at 10mbps, maximum length of 185 meters. †¢ RG-59 – Most commonly used with cable television. †¢ RG-6 – Higher quality than RG-59, with more bandwidth and less susceptibility to interference. A fibre optic cable is either a glass or a plastic fibre that carries light along its length. Fibre optic cable can reach distances of several miles before the signal needs to be regenerated. Fibre optic is more expensive than copper cable and connectors are more expensive and harder to assemble than other connections. Wireless Connection Wireless technology is also a greatly utilised technology in business today even though the reliability of wireless connection does not compare to that of a cable connection. Security There are a few different ways to apply security in a network. Some security protocols may be placed during network design and some protocols when the network is running. Network security during the design During the designing of the network, avoid giving anyone outside the implementation team or network designer any information, such as work plans about the network design or the materials that will be used for the network, which will help Vandals infiltrate or use the network inappropriately. Basic security that should be present in a network 1. Firewall will offer a tougher barrier between the private network and the Internet. Firewalls will prevent unwanted users or hackers from accessing the network. 2. Proxy can be used to provide users a way to connect to the proxy server by requesting authentication from the security service during the exchange of files in the network. 3. Antivirus – is used to prevent viruses from penetrating the network and the computers connected to it. It also eliminates the counter-espionage potential within a network. Since there are many antivirus softwares available, the network has the freedom to choose the appropriate antivirus for the network. 4. Strong password encourages all network an   web users to use a password that contains letters, numbers and symbols so as to increase the difficulty of breaking or cracking the password and steal any information from the network. 5. Packaging – cables used to make sure no unauthorized person have access to data and change it. Disaster Planning and Recovery Before setting a network, the manager of the project requires designers and developers of the network to take into account unforeseen circumstances, such as natural disasters and hardware failure, to reduce their impact. Earthquakes, floods, fires and such disasters may be given a solution using the following points †¢ The proximity of cables to main electrical wirings must be significantly distant to avoid fire. †¢ As much as possible, servers must be placed outside the building. Extra security protocols must be applied to avoid losing information. †¢ If a building has multiple servers, it is advised that all servers be placed on an isolated location and away from public gathering places. This will require the development of additional security precautions. †¢ Different types of cables should be considered in setting up a network to maximize its us †¢ Do not put cables near bodies of water or water discharge sa this may damage the cables †¢ Provide rooms with electric generators in case a power outage occurs. Make sure that these rooms are close to their central control devices to avoid technical problems in connecting the machines to the generator. †¢ Provide fire-preventing equipment such as fire extinguishers near the whereabouts of control systems †¢ Provide water and fire alarms to inform personnel if water or fire gets near the data storage devices †¢ The network team should provide a spare or backup server to perform full back up planning after disaster With the increase in number of intrusions and attacks on networks trying to take data and information, a way of protecting these data should be prioritized in a network. Since the data are, most of the time, secret and important to companies, detection and control of intrusions must be strictly implemented. Through the latest presentations that we have done in class, we have learned new techniques and OSI Models that should be taken into account to provide the highest standards of security and quality. Some of these techniques are firewalls, proxies, encryptions, IP security, data authenticity, communications type and satellites.

‘Entrepreneurs’ as Franchisees Essay Example for Free

‘Entrepreneurs’ as Franchisees Essay Franchisors are increasingly having to be more and more selective in the adoption of franchisees with factors such as economic climate and the potential difficulty with growth playing key factors in the decision making process. It is not simply an ability to grow which creates a successful Franchise and nor is it the desire of any franchisor to adopt every potential franchisee. Franchisors are becoming more and more scrutinising as the global economy declines. There is a general understanding within any franchised business, which is that one of the most desired traits of any franchisee is the ability to follow a set design People who buy franchises are not entrepreneurs, and they better know that going in, (Libava, 2012). Throughout, the difficulty of working with entrepreneurial franchisees will be analysed alongside what a Franchisor looks for in an ideal Franchisee in the context of someone seeking to enterprise a franchise; how these differ, how they are similar and what potential benefits or disadvantages this stance may create. The entrepreneurial process requires a great number of identification and opportunist methods in order to obtain the resources for their business and be deemed â€Å"entrepreneurial† (Shane, 2003). The use of these skills will be evaluated in the context of a franchise in order to understand why franchisors prefer not to take on entrepreneurs. Firstly, it is important to understand why franchisors must have certain barriers of entry to their franchise before we can fully question their likeliness to take on entrepreneurs. Franchisees seek to join a Franchise due to the ease of starting a business; Suppliers are already established, store layout is already set, uniforms already designed customers already familiar with the brand and so on. The sole reason this is set out already is because it has been tried and tested (in most cases) over time, and most likely by a number of other Franchisees. Since all the Franchisees have built this brand image up since the off, it is integral to protect this brand image as any impairment to one franchisee could cause the public to â€Å"tar† the whole franchise â€Å"with the same brush†. However, the extent to their high expectations of potential franchisees has a tendency to vary with each scale of franchise. A well-established franchise has a lot to protect and therefore is likely to resist the urge to take on an enterprising franchisee, seeing them as â€Å"high risk†. Alternatively, the opposite can also be said as it is likely to promote the business more with greater levels of feedback, new prospects and innovative ideas (Diebold 1990). From one perspective, there are many reasons why certain franchisors would avoid accepting entrepreneurial Franchisees into their Franchise. Entrepreneurial businessmen and women are often stereotyped as the innovators; someone who pushes the boundaries of the known worlda change agent who is relentless in making things happen and bringing ideas to execution (Entrepreneur.com). This means that their skills best lie in the development of new ideas, improvement of old ways and generally the identification of modern concepts and techniques. In the eyes of a potential franchisor this has many foreboding difficulties should they decide to accept the franchising agreement. Firstly, a franchise is a tried and tested model which has proven to be a mostly profitable and successful enterprise of its own with a large quantity of time, effort and money used to perfect the foundations of the franchise. Therefore should a franchisee wish to try and change these perfected techniques, not only does it risk the chance of failure and therefore damaging the brand as a whole, but also the arrogant â€Å"I know better† attitude contradicts the very concept of a franchise. Libava defines this concept as using a â€Å"franchise company’s trademarks, systems, signage, software, and other proprietary tools and systems in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the franchise contract† to an â€Å"Identified System† (Libava 2012). Taking on board the enterprising ideas the franchisee puts across would essentially be the franchisor wasting effort and money in the perfecting of their pre-set method. This is especially the case with larger, more established franchises such as Subway and McDonalds, whereby every task is responded to in a set way and is quantified to the smallest factor. An example of this is when changing the uniform at McDonalds in 2012, it cost over  £1.52 million in the UK alone due to the vast number of employees (Weiss 2012). From cleaning the floors to dealing with food complaints, even the smallest change in the franchisors technique requires a great amount of communication and control, but is also a timely and therefore costly exercise. This then reflects the reluctant attitude to established Franchises when considering the great cost and risk involved in the context of someone entrepreneurial. The franchise already has the fine details of the business set into its own convention; entrepreneurial individuals only cause a constant battle with the franchisor due to the desire for change and sometimes, change for change’s sake. However, although in the established franchise context this statement may be true, it is not always the case. Start-up, less established and more innovative franchises are much more likely to be open for suggestion and more interested in taking on entrepreneurs into their franchise. The same can be said for franchises in need of innovation to survive. With everyday names such as HMV and Woolworths going into administration, amplification of a USP and innovation has become a necessary act for survival. Even the slightest differentiation could mean the difference between consumers buying with you or a competitor; Domino’s Pizza is a good example of this. Since the almost-global economic recession of 2008, survival has been integral to any business model, franchise or otherwise. As a result of this, Domino’s has allowed one of its more entrepreneurial franchisee’s to trial and as a result implemented â€Å"Bread Bowl† and â€Å"Pasta† dishes onto their menu with great success (Wilson 2012). The same can be said of WSI, an internet marketing franchise, whereby 90% of the products and services have come from the franchisee’s themselves to â€Å"ensure that [they] are offering the latest and best internet marketing processes to end clients that deliver results† (McArthur 2012). This shows how, it is not only the economic factors that play to a franchisors’ decision making, but also the type of franchise that they are operating. The online marketplace is a raw marketplace where each business is instantly comparable to their competitors and just as easily undercut; therefore, an innovative franchisee is more desirable than the traditional replicable franchisee as they are able to create differentiation potentially more valuable than price. In addition to this, it is also useful to look at the financial success of large and small franchises to gain a better understanding as to why some seek entrepreneurs and others don’t. An â€Å"Innovation vs. Replication† report compared the financial performance of 500 firms varying in size and found that small businesses with business models centred on low levels of replication and high innovation, showed more growth than models with high levels of replication. Additionally, they also found that large businesses with only high levels of innovation and low levels of replication had a lower average financial position (Aspara 2009). This reflects how statistically it would work against the favour of a large franchise to adopt innovative entrepreneurs, whilst also presenting a counter-point portraying enterprising individuals as promoters for growth and financial stability for smaller franchises. This isn’t always the case though, presented in the franchise Krispy Kreme with its â€Å"boom† stage in the early 2000’s. Being a rapidly growing donut franchise it had entrepreneurs from around the world wanting to become part of this international business. However, due to the lack of care when choosing franchisees and with growth as their only concern, issues with proximity caused cannibalising sales as a result of capitalising their own popularity (Morebusiness.com 2010). Pulling these points together, there are many clear reasons why a franchisor would be hesitant to take on an entrepreneur. Taking on a â€Å"If it’s not broke don’t fix it† attitude emphasises the safety in the tried and tested method of replication. Franchises with a set convention are likely to take a â€Å"sure-bet† rather than a â€Å"risk†, due to knowledge that the model works fine the way it is, proven by their own and other franchisees. That is not to say that what works for one franchising model is the same for all (Francis 2010). Both economic and business models play key factors into how enterprising a franchise may or may not choose to be. Some franchises such as WSI rely on entrepreneurial franchisees for the very success of their business and remain an integral part of their franchise model. Within the report of innovation and replication it found that the most financially successful businesses were large scale firms with high levels of innovation and replication (Aspara 2009) showing how there is room for improvement in any business. â€Å"Staying consistent on the core components of your business doesnt mean the products you sell, or even the way you deliver them, have to stay the same† (FranchiseDirect.com) However, replication in a franchise builds the foundations of what has already been industry certified and therefore proven to work. Entrepreneurs are most useful in a franchise when the need for innovation is high, such as start-up franchises and times of economic instability where differentiation is needed to survive. As a franchise grows, the structure becomes more and more rigid and therefore more difficult and less susceptible to change as the cost of doing so outweighs the potential benefits. Perhaps it is the case that most franchisors are less likely to take on an entrepreneur as a franchisee, using their own sources of research and development. However, not every franchise has the capital to operate their own entrepreneurial department and therefore is much more likely to opt for enterprising franchisees to enable their franchise to grow. Reference List Aspara et al, J A, 2009. Innovation vs. Replication. Business model innovation vs. replication: Financial performance implications of strategic emphases. 1, 6,7 Diebold, J. D, 1990. The Innovators: The Discoveries, Inventions, and Breakthroughs of Our Time. 1st ed. New York: Plume. Entrepreneur.com 2013. Innovators | Entrepreneur.com. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.entrepreneur.com/innovators/index.html. [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Francis K.A. Demand Media. 2010. Innovation Vs. Replication in Franchises. [ONLINE] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/innovation-vs-replication-franchises-198.html. [Accessed 23 January 13]. Libava 2012, The Top Traits of Successful Franchise Owners | Entrepreneur.com. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224016. [Accessed 23 January 2013]. Also see Definition Of A Franchise. 2013 [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.thefranchiseking.com/definition-of-a-franchise. [Accessed 24 January 2013] McArthur, R M, 2012. President of WSI Internet Marketing Franchise. Can Franchising and Innovation Go Hand in Hand? (See Wilson 2012) MoreBusiness.com. 2013 . Learning from the Franchising Mistakes of Failed Krispy Kreme | MoreBusiness.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.morebusiness.com/franchise-risks. [Accessed 23 January 2013]. Shane, S.A , 2003. A General Theory Of Entrepreneurship: The

The Process of Phonation

The Process of Phonation Gabrielle Glodich    The evolution of human phonation is thought to have contributed to the rise of our species within the food chain. The ability to produce sound created more complex forms of communication, such as language. Language is thought to be the key component to enhance our survival skills by increased depth of understanding within our peer groups. To understand the foundational element in what perhaps gave us an edge to survival, besides the acquisition and utilization of metacarpal 1, the process of phonation must be analyzed. Phonation is defined as a laryngeal motor behavior used for speech production, which involves a specialized coordination of laryngeal and respiratory neuromuscular control. To analyze the process of phonation, the anatomic structures and physiology must be considered. (Loucks et al, 2007).      Ã‚   The larynx, also colloquially known as the voice box, is the main passageway to the lungs for functional aspects such as respiration, deglutination, and phonation. Our larynx is known to be a unique human specialization for speech because it is not present in non-human primates (Meshcheryakov, 2012). As seen in figure 1, the location of the anatomic structure is within the pharynx, behind the Adams apple and on top of the trachea. Figure 1. The location and anatomy of the larynx is shown above within the mid sagittal view on the left hand side of the photograph. The laryngoscopic view of the larynx is shown on the right hand side. Retrieved from http://cvsurgicalgroup.com/general-ent/voice-swallowing-disorders/. Copyright 2017 by C/V ENT Surgical Group. Three unpaired and paired cartilages compose the larynx. These cartilages envelop the vocal cords responsible for the main production of sound through vibrational movements. Vocal cords (folds) are mucous membrane foldings that stretch horizontally across the middle laryngeal cavity. There are four layers to the folds along with a vocal ligament. The vocal ligament allows the folds to change shape when the deepest layer of the fold, which would be the muscle, contracts. The two types of vocal cords within our larynx are the vestibular folds (otherwise known as false vocal cords) and the vocal folds (true vocal folds). These two types abduct during inhalation and adduct during deglutination and phonation processes. Ventricular folds are termed as false because they are not involved in voice production. Referring to figure two, the identification of the two differentiated types within the image helps to obtain an understanding of location on the structures within the laryngeal cavity. (Vashishta, 2016) Figure 2. Figure (a) shows the closed positioning of the vocal folds and glottis within the larynx. Figure (b) shows the open positioning of the vocal folds and open glottis. The location of the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) are identified within the image, though they do not contribute to voice production. However, vocal folds do contribute to voice production, hence their termed name of true vocal cords. Retrieved from http://howardyoung.info/lsitvkey-vestibular-folds.html. Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education Inc. When closed, the vocal folds vibrate and modulate the forced expelled airflow from the lungs during expiration to produce speech and singing. Specific vibrational patterns and movements produce different sounds through the positioning of the rima glottidis (glottis), the opening between the vocal cords. The length of the vocal cords result in differences in pitch and tone of the voice. Women and children often have shorter vocal cords, resulting in higher pitches and tones of voice. Men typically have longer vocal cords, resulting in lower pitches and tones of voice. Figure 3 shows the vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages partially adducted during phonation. The air is produced once it is forced through the small slit like appearance of the rima glottidis and vibrational movements begin from the vocal cord structures. The opening and closing positions of the vocal folds to produce onsets and offsets are voluntarily controlled from the nervous system, even though vocal fold vibration is mechanically induced by airflow during exhalation. Resting position results in more a neutral positioning of the vocal folds and rima glottidis, where normal respiration can occur. (Titze, 1994) Figure 3. The positioning of the vocal cords and rima glottidis is shown above during the common phases of respiration (normal and forced), phonation, and whispering. Retrieved from http://ueu.co/ovid-clinically-oriented-anatomy-8/. Copyright 2012 by Universities Education of Ukraine. Typically, the vocal folds within the larynx are open to allow air to pass freely in and out of the lungs during normal respiration. However, the signal to speak from the brain signals the muscles of the larynx to contract and close the vocal folds. Air during expiration is expelled from the lungs and the resistance overcomes the folds. The force initiates the folds to begin patterns of the vibrations. The rate in which the vocal folds open and close are different for the genders. The rate is another factor besides the length of the folds in which why the tones of the voices between genders are different. For women, the rate is typically between 100-120 times per second vs. in a man it would typically be 200-220 times per second. The patterns of vibrations of the vocal folds, in turn, produces sound waves from the voice box and projects them outwards towards another human. The sound waves from the larynx are amplified by traveling upwards through the anatomical structures of the thro at, mouth, and nose. Depending on genetics of the shape, size, and muscle tension, everyones structures are built differently and usually affect the resulting sound another peer will hear from the human producing the sound. Other factors that play a role in the process of phonation would include the posture of the person and the relaxation of the muscles within the pharynx. (Bailly et al, 2014). References Bailly, L., Henrich Bernardoni, N., Mà ¼ller, F., Rohlfs, A., Hess, M. (2014). Ventricular-Fold Dynamics in Human Phonation. Journal Of Speech, Language Hearing Research, 57(4), 1219-1242. doi:10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-12-0418 Loucks, T. M. J., Poletto, C. J., Simonyan, K., Reynolds, C. L., Ludlow, C. L. (2007). Human brain activation during phonation and exhalation: Common volitional control for two upper airway functions. NeuroImage, 36(1), 131-143. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.049 Meshcheryakov, R. V. (2012). Mathematical model of the human lungs during phonation. Russian Physics Journal, 55(3), 317-322. doi:10.1007/s11182-012-9814-5 Rishi Vashishta, R. (2016, November 03). Vocal Cord and Voice Box Anatomy. Retrieved March 06, 2017, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948995-overview#a2 Titze IR. Principles of Voice Production. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall; 1994.

Jean-Louis David and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay -- History Art Artwor

Jean-Louis David + Jean-Jacques Rousseau Question : In what ways and to what extent is an understanding of historical context important in approaching the works of (a) David and (b) Rousseau? "The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons", is a painting by the French artist Jean-Louis David in 1789. Having led the fight which overthrew the monarchy and established the Roman Republic. Brutus tragically saw his sons participate in a plot to restore the monarchy. As a judge, he was called upon to render the verdict, and without hesitation condemned his two sons to death. The full title of this work is "Brutus Returning Home after having Sentenced his Sons for Plotting a Tarquinian Restoration and Conspiring against Roman Freedom; the Lictors brint there Bodies to be Buried." In 1789, for Jean-Louis David to bring up such a subject was majorly controversial and reveals how deeply committed the artist was to the new ideas and enlightement principals. Indeed, had the revolution not occured, this picture could never have been exhibited publicly. After the fall of the bastille, David's pictures were seen as a republican manifesto, and greatly raised David's reputation In order to fully understand David's artwork, it is important to posess a certain amount of historical knowledge on the various events that took place during the artists career, mainly the French Revolution. Behind each of his paintings is a story of historical importance. However, it is also very likely that David's paintings were often misinterpreted simply due to the fact that someone didn't fully grasp the significance of the artwork. Like "The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons", as recorded by the Roman historian Livy, David's paintings covered many different historical era's. "The Death of Marat", 1793, is more simplistic and intense. David was in active sympathy with the Revolution, his majestic historical paintings, ("The Oath of Horatii", "Death of Socrates", and "Brutus's sons") were hailed as artistic demands for political action. He orchestrated the great festival of the people on 14 July 1790, and designed uniforms, banners, triumphal arches, and inspirational props for the Jacobin club's propaganda. David was president of the Jacobin club on the day that his good friend and fellow Jacobin, Jean-Paul Marat was killed by a young Royalist who... ...y as Jean-Louis David and his paintings. Both these influential people helped to ignite a passion amongst the French general public and change French politics. Looking at Rousseau's idea for government seems unacceptable or impossible to us, however, his idea, which was prominent in the revolution, that sovereignty resides with the people, that "man is born free". Both Rousseau and democracy preserve the idea that government is legitimate only if it emerges from us. Jean-Louis David's form of neoclassical paintings which are difficult to seperate from their political and social context, were very different from the traditional paintings of the era. When looking at David's artwork one must acknowledge how artistic concerns were bound up with broader social issues. Many of his paintings bear strong symbolic political references. In order to read, think like Rousseau or understand the true meaning behind David's artwork one must possess, from a historical context, knowledge on the French Revolution, how different French society and culture was and information regarding each artists background, for example, who they were, and what they meant to the general public of that time.

Moral Sentiments and Determinism Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Pap

ABSTRACT: P. F. Strawson’s essay "Freedom and Resentment" was a landmark in the study of determinism, free-will, and morality. It contributed a much-needed correction to the problem of overintellectualization as found in twentieth-century compatibilist literature. Although most of the central claims in Strawson’s essay are important and true, it fails to fill the lacuna in the analysis, discussion and proposals of traditional compatibilism. The reasons may be summarized as follows. The web of moral demands, feelings and participant attitudes comprises a set of facts within human social life which must be investigated in order to understand the relation (or lack thereof) between determinism and morality. If the facts themselves fill the gap, then it must be some adequate and coherent understanding of them. According to Strawson, the incompatibilist has an understandable dissatisfaction with his opponent’s account because, among other things, the latter fails to de al with the condition of desert and of the justice of moral condemnation and punishment. However, the theory of "Freedom and Resentment" fails equally on this point. What is now needed is a combination of factual study with ethical inquiry. The former would draw on the results of social psychology, the psychology of moral development, the social sciences of morals, and (philosophical) moral psychology. I In the light of a well-known distinction between participant moral attitudes and objective ones, the traditional issue of free will and morality is rephrased, in P.F.Strawson’s ‘Freedom and Resentment’ (henceforth FR), as follows: Could, or should, determinism lead us always to look on everyone exclusively in the objective way? The negative answer is defended and ... ...egal punishment, and the sociology and anthropology of morality. As far as the latter is concerned, that would amount to a sort of revival of the late l9th Century and early 20th Century studies in the social sciences of morals. In an age of multidisciplinary studies such as ours, FR may retrospectively be looked on by present-day students of our philosophical problem as containing an ‘ahead-of-its-time’ invitation, and an especially attractive one, for the philosopher to embark on such a multidisciplinary enterprise. References Honderich, T. (Ed.), Essays on Freedom of Action, Routledge and Kegan Paul, l973. Schlick, M., Problems of Ethics , Dover Publications, N.York, l939. Strawson, P.F., ‘Freedom and Resentment’ in Freedom and Resentment and other Essays, Methuen, l974 Skepticism and Naturalism: some varieties, Columbia University Press, l985.

Katherine Mansfield’s Her First Ball Essay examples -- essays papers

Katherine Mansfield’s Her First Ball 1 In Katherine Mansfield’s Her First Ball, Leila, the main character is an eighteen-year-old girl from the rural country who has recently moved into the city with extended family members. To Leila, everything was â€Å"so new and exciting† (4th paragraph) and she immediately begins her path from innocence to experience. I can empathize with her, but I don’t feel sympathy for her. She didn’t have a tragic experience, she a learning experience. Leila’s metamorphosis during the course of the story proves that she is a heroine who overcame the conflict in her journey. 2 The structure of the plot begins with a description of the 6setting, which is interesting because the setting is not that significant to story because if it were in another time and place it would be just as effective.7 The way she describes the car was as though she was describing the road to enlightenment, and the image she gave of sitting in her own corner of the cab is significant foreshadowing: â€Å"she sat back in her own little corner of it, and the bolster on which her hand rested felt like the sleeve of an unknown young man’s dress suit; and away they bowled, past waltzing lamppost and houses and fences and trees.† (1st paragraph) Leila has so many expectations and anticipations that leads to the climax, and is filled with5 symbolism and color that describes a vivid vision of a need for freedom and experience: â€Å"the road was bright on either side with moving fan-...

Conspiracy Theories about Princess Diana’s Death Essay

Introduction Diana Spencer, Princess of Wales was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales. She was an eminent celebrity of the late 20th century well known for her fund-raising work for international charities (http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/DianaPrincessofWales.aspx [henceforth HoTM]). Sadly, she was famous not only due to her good deeds, but mostly because of her divorce with Prince Charles and later on, controversial relationship with the son of Egyptian billionaire – Dodi Al Fayed. Princess Diana was constantly surrounded by paparazzi who accompanied her in almost every minute of her life and who tried to photograph her. Unfortunately this unhealthy interest of paparazzi in Diana’s private life ended tragically. Princess Diana and her partner Dodi Al Fayed died in a car accident on Sunday 31th August 1997 in Paris, France (HoTM). At around 12:20 am that day, Diana and Fayed left the Ritz hotel to return to the apartment in Rue Arsà ¨ne Houssaye, they got into the car driven by Henri Paul, the Acting Head of Security at the Ritz Hotel also Trevor Rees-Jones, a member of the Fayed family’s personal protection team, was in the front passenger seat (HoTM). Their car was followed by paparazzi. The driver, who wanted to run away from them, suddenly lost control over the car and collided head-on with the 13th pillar supporting the roof of a tunnel at an estimated speed of 105 km/h (King 2001: 10). Although the French investigation concluded that the accident was caused by a drunken driver, there are still conspiracy theories surrounding Princess Diana’s death. They assume that firstly, the accident was staged to get rid of the paparazzi, secondly The British Secret Service planned the accident and finally it was the Royal Family who assassinated Princess of Wales. Diana Spencer was one of the most famous woman in the world, the pre-eminent female celebrity of her generation: a fashion icon, an image of feminine beauty, admired for her involvement in AIDS issues and the international campaign against landmines (http://www.biography.com/people/princess-diana-9273782). During her lifetime, she was often referred to as the most photographed person in the world. (http://www.biography.com/people/princess-diana-9273782). Considering her life and her popularity it should come as no surprise that people from all over the world were interested in the mystery of her death. Loss of such  an iconic person always forces people, especially the most faithful fans to think about it more deeply. That is why all the speculations and conspiracy theories about the ‘real’ cause of Princess Diana’s death are born. Conspiracy theories – definition As Christopher Hodapp (2008: 9) explains, â€Å"[a] conspiracy theory is the idea that someone, or a group of someones, acts secretly, with a goal of achieving power, wealth, influence or other benefit†. Christopher Hitchens represents conspiracy theories as the â€Å"exhaust fumes of democracy, the unavoidable result of a large amount of information circulating among a large number of people† (Hodapp 2008: 25). Although conspiracy theories are viewed with skepticism by scholars because they are rarely supported by any conclusive evidence, they create a lot of controversy and due to that fact many people believe them. Together with wars, secret assassinations and terrorist attacks taking place in nowadays world, people’s trust in their governments and politicians constantly decreases (Burnett 2005:9). Many people believe that they work in very secretive ways and various facts about well-known historical and current events are hidden (Burnett 2005: 9). In order to reveal the truth, amateur investigators started to create their own deductions about various events on The Internet (Burnett 2005: 9). They have also formed different conclusions about Princess Diana’s death, which later on have grown up and gained the status of conspiracy theories. As we talk about conspiracy theories, we have to answer two questions: What are the attributes of conspiracy theory? How theories about Diana’s death meet the criteria of conspiracy theory? According to Keely (1999: 117), â€Å"Central to any CT is an official story that the conspiracy theory must undermine and cast doubt upon.† This can be related to the official cause of Princess Diana’s death given by the police. Secondly as Keely (1999: 117) claims, â€Å"[t]he true intentions behind the conspiracy are invariably nefarious†, in Diana’s case, those true intentions can be understood as a willingness to kill her. Finally, the last criterion states that the main tool of the conspiracy theorist is data which if true would tend to contradict official version (Keely 1999: 118). These data, concerning Diana’s death theories, could be all the information which put the blame on the Royal Family. Having ensured that theories about Diana’s death meet the criteria of conspiracy  theories, we can examine some of them. Staged accident theory From among dozens of conspiracy theories about Princess Diana’s death circulating on the Internet, the one stating that Diana Spencer did not die, but she arranged her death in order to get rid of paparazzi, because she was tired of constant intrusions into her private life, is the least probable. Conspirators claim that she wanted to disappear from the public life so she staged the accident and that now she leads a normal life, somewhere in a hidden place with a different identity (http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/historical/a/princess_diana_2.html). Although this may seem ridiculous for most people, conspirators claim that they have evidence. They support their theory saying that the bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones, who was also taking part in this car accident still lives, but Mercedes auto experts after deep examination of a smashed car revealed that it would have been almost impossible for anyone to have survived such a dramatic accident (http://theunexplainedmysteries.com/di ana.html). Another piece of evidence that conspirators believe supports their theory is that just six hours before the accident Princess Diana talked to Daily Mail reporter Richard Kay and told him that she was about to withdraw completely from public life (http://www.public-interest.co.uk/diana/dipress.html). Although those presented pieces of evidence are believed to be facts by the conspirators, they can be easily discredited. One simple, although significant piece of evidence that confirms the death of Princess Diana is the fact that Dr Robert Chapman carried out Diana’s post-mortem examination the day after her death. This proves that at that time she could not have been alive (http://dianaremembered.wordpress.com/). The truth is that the conspiracy theory mentioned above is present only on the Internet, one cannot read about it in a book, that is the reason why it appears to be the least probable scenario. However, there are some theories which make people think about them as they seem to be more probable. M16 theory The second conspiracy theory about Princess Diana’s death stirs up the  greatest controversy as it states that The British Secret Service -the M16- planned the accident. They believed that Diana was a threat to the British throne and therefore the stability of the state. Another motive was to protect the new world order from the princess with inconvenient ideas, such as banning land mines as conspirators claim (Burnett 2005: 273). John King in his book Princess Diana: the hidden evidence (2001: 45) states that M16 mission was to â€Å"[e]liminate one of the most prominent figures on the world stage†. King (2001: 10) points out that Diana was seated directly behind the passenger side-front seat, which according to Professor Murray of Birmingham University, whom the author interviewed, should have been the safest seat in the car, â€Å"the most survivable.† According to King (2001: 11) seconds after the accident M16 agents showed up at the place of the accident and after making sure that Princess Diana’s condition is fatal, injected the driver – Henri Paul with cocktail of alcohol and drugs and then they disappeared as quickly as they showed up. There can be a lot of different reasons why such important British agency planned to kill Princess Diana. Noel Botham (2004: 94) comments that â€Å"some rogue autonomical cells in British Secret Service claimed that Princess Diana is a threat to the state and they are also suspected of eavesdropping her throughout her years in the Royal limelight.† Another important fact is that the only survivor – bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones – was a former member of the crack Parachute Regiment, one of the toughest in the British Army. Therefore he could also have been an M16 contact (King 2001: 124). It appears that this conspiracy theory is more probable than the previous one, considering the fact that gathered evidence, even though not confirmed, bases on some logical and factual information. The following theory is closely connected with the aforementioned in a sense that some conspiracy theorists claim that the Royal Family planned the accident and used M16 as a tool. The Royal Family theory As we examining various theories about Princess Diana’s death, it is impossible not to mention the Royal Family with whom she related for fifteen years through her marriage to Charles, Prince of Wales. In this theory conspirators claim that it was the Royal Family who planned Princess Diana’s death. The conspiracy theorists support their hypothesis with the  explanation that the House of Windsor was furious about the fact that Princess Diana might marry Dodi Al Fayed, a Muslim, who would became a stepfather to Princess William and Harry, the heirs to the British throne (King 2001: 190). Andrew Golden, the author of the Sunday Mirror’s article entitled Queen To Strip Harrods Of Its Royal Crest wrote that â€Å"[t]he Royal Family may withdraw their seal of approval from Harrods(†¦) as a result of Diana’s affair with owner’s son Dodi Fayed† (King 2001: 189). According to King (2001: 190) after some time a prestigious royal warrant actually was withdrawn from Harrods. Thus, it appears that the Royal Family tried to express their disapproval of Diana’s relationship with Dodi Al Fayed whose father was the owner of Harrods. Later, as King (2001: 191) points out, it was revealed that Prince Phillip in particular was extremely unhappy about the relationship despite the fact that Diana was no longer Prince Charles’ wife. One of the most prominent supporter of the theory that Diana and Dodi were murdered by the Royal Family was Dodi’s father- Mohamed Al Fayed. He claimed that the English Crown wanted to hide the fact that the couple was about to be engaged and that Diana was pregnant with her Egyptian boyfriend’s child – a scandal that the British Royal Family would not be able to put up with (Hodapp 2008: 323). However, later it was revealed that according to tests ran on samples of her blood collected at the scene, information about the pregnancy was untrue (Hoddap 2008: 324). Bearing in mind the two aforementioned conspiracy theories this one appears to be the most reliable as it provides quite strong motive, namely the fact that the Royal Family treated Diana’s relationship with Dodi as a threat to the throne. Conclusion Controversy over Princess Diana’s death has bothered people from around the world for almost twenty six years. As a result, dozens of different conspiracy theories about this tragic event were created. Some of them, for example the one stating that Princess Diana staged her own death are almost improbable while others, like the theory assuming that the Royal Family planned Diana’s accident may seem more reliable. The three theories examined in this paper are still being refreshed and reinvestigated by different authors who try to find new evidence and confirm the theory that the death